Advantage & Disadvantage of Cloud-Based Storage-Free-Samples

Question: Write a report on Cloud-based Storage, advantages and disadvantages. Answer: Introduction The particular model for storing confidential data over the Internet is known as a cloud based storage. The cloud storage is solely controlled or managed by the hosting organization. The data is made available as well as accessible with the cloud provider (Laan 2017). One of the important advantages of any cloud based storage is that it protects the physical environment of the cloud. The providers of cloud based storage control the stored data by various storage servers. This report will provide a significant and detailed explanation on the broad theory of various cloud storages and their advantages and disadvantages. The report covers a brief history of this topic with the section of methodology and details of the research. This report also provides relevant details about the different point of views mentioned in twelve scholarly articles. The final section is the findings, where the complete report is evaluated. Background Cloud computing was first invented during the year 1960 byJoseph Carl Robnett Licklider. He wanted to interlink the data transferring with the users. The main motive was to create something that could be accessible from anywhere irrespective of the time (Null and Labor 2014). After inventing cloud computing, it was observed that an online storage is highly required for the purpose of storing the data securely and without any type of complexities. During the year 1994, AT T was responsible for launching Persona Link Services. It is a specific online platform that is utilized for business as well as personal entrepreneurship and communication. In the beginning, it was a very small space in disk, which could be utilized for storing all files. Amongst all the bigger organizations or companies, Amazon Web Services was the first one to launch and introduce their service of cloud storage with the rest of the world. It was named as AWS S3, after the name of Amazon Web Services (Rountree and Castrillo 2013). The famous services like Dropbox, Pinterest adopted this cloud storage for their businesses. Methodology and Research Details The hypothetical as well as or methodical analysis for any particular activity or action is known as a methodology. This is utilized for executing the activity perfectly. Various articles have been viewed for understanding the concept of cloud based storage. These scholarly articles are perfectly reviewed for completing this report. Amongst all the reviewed articles, twelve specific articles were chosen and this report is written on those twelve articles. Issues, Various Points of View The various authors have discussed the topic in their specific ways. As per Laan 2013, cloud based storage is one of the most important requirements for any small or medium enterprises. The IT infrastructure helps to understand the complete architecture of cloud properly. According to Lee 2014, the cloud computing can be defined as the simplified practice of data transfer through Internet and cloud storage is the storage of the data. Advantages The most significant advantages or benefits of the cloud storage are given below: Lack of Verification of Data Integrity: The first and the foremost advantage of the cloud based storage is the lack of verification of data integrity. The cloud storage is responsible for providing utmost data confidentiality and integrity to its users (Pfleeger and Pfleeger 2015). This type of verification is not at all required in the cloud storage. Thus, the public audit ability of the cloud storage is solely enabled so that the TPA or the third party auditor can resort the data without worrying about the integrity. Cheaper: The second important advantage of the cloud storage is that it is extremely cheaper and does not incur huge costs (Lee 2014). Although, this particular storage helps to manage, maintain and back up the data perfectly, the maintenance cost or expense of the cloud storage is extremely less when they are compared to others. The operating costs of the business processes in any particular business or organization is diminished when they store the data in cloud storage. This reduction of the annual expense in business processes makes the storage very popular and acceptable by everyone. The lack of internal power for data storage is another important significance of cloud storage (Stefanov and Shi 2013). Google Drive is one of the most popular examples of cloud storage that help the user in understanding the advantage of cost savings perfectly. Data Accessibility: The next advantage of the cloud storage is the data accessibility. The data that has been stored as well as manipulated or retrieved can be easily accessed from any part of the world by anyone (White 2015). The data accessibility of cloud does not need help of the cloud provider and the user can do this by their own. The only requirement for data accessibility is the connection of the Internet. Disaster Recovery: Another significant benefit of cloud based storage is that is helps in disaster recovery. It has been often observed that the businesses or organizations, who utilize the cloud storage or cloud computing for executing the business operations, face difficult situations like loss of data and lack of data integrity (Santana 2013). Cloud storage has an in built structure of disaster recovery within itself so that there is no problem in the retrieving the lost data. It is a type of security planning, which targets in protecting the business from various negative or disasters activities. The two measurements in the disaster recovery are the recovery point objective and the recovery time objective. These two are present within cloud storage. Disadvantages In spite of giving such vast and extra ordinary advantages, various disadvantages are also present within the cloud based storage and they are given below: Lack of Privacy and Security: The most devastating disadvantage of the cloud storage is that there is almost no security and privacy for the data. This lack of security is often considered as the main down point for any cloud storage (Kurose and Ross 2016). Although it recent days, few cloud storages like Google Drive, Google cloud have taken this into consideration and thus provided utmost security for their users. The security of the cloud storage should be maintained properly so that the users do not move away from it. Speed: The second most important disadvantage of the cloud storage is its speed. The data transfer or data storing is comparatively slower. This is mainly due to the fact that cloud storage has a huge infrastructure and when bulk amount of data is tried to be stored, the process gets slower with the heavier amount of data. Dependency on Internet: The third most significant disadvantage of the cloud based storage is the dependency on the connection of Internet. Cloud based storage cannot work if the Internet connection is weak or if there is not Internet connectivity (Burd 2016). This dependency often becomes a major problem for the all of its users, who want to store their confidential data within the cloud based storage. Need of Software Downloading: The fifth most significant disadvantage of the cloud based storage is the need or requirement of the download of software. The cloud based storage comprises of various software and services within it. If a user wants to store the data within the cloud storage, it is extremely required to download all the software and services. Bandwidth Allowance: Another significant disadvantage of any particular cloud based storage is the limited bandwidth allowance (Stallings and Case 2013). Each cloud storage has its own limited bandwidth and if that specific bandwidth is surpassed by the client, huge cost is incurred with that. Findings This particular report has provided a complete evaluation of the cloud storage with its advantages and disadvantages. These benefits and the demerits of this cloud storage help to understand the importance of cloud storage in terms of various scholarly articles. These twelve articles are discussed by various authors and thus it is easily utilized by the clients. The main advantages of the cloud storage are lack of data integrity, cheaper, disaster recovery and data accessibility. The main disadvantages of cloud storage include lack of privacy and security, slower, limited bandwidth allowance, dependency on Internet and requirement of software downloading. Conclusion Thus, from the above provided report, conclusion can be drawn that any cloud based storage is the significant storage for storing the data remotely and thus enjoying high quality of on demand services as well as applications. The most significant advantage of this type of storage is that there is no such burden and complexity of maintenance and storage of local data. The cloud storage is responsible for any type of data storing irrespective of its size. The services and the applications are utilized from the shared resources pool and these resources are of completely configurable computation. The users of the cloud storage do not comprise of any type of outsourcing data for making the integrity if data protection. Another important advantage of this cloud storage is that the users do not have to worry about the integrity of data. This type of verification is not at all required. This above report has properly provided a detailed description on cloud storage and its advantages as well as disadvantages. The methodology of completing this report was extremely easy and this was done by researching various articles. The benefits and the disadvantages are properly explained in this report. Furthermore, the evaluation of the entire report is done in the section of findings. References Burd, S., 2016. Systems architecture. 7th edn, Course Technology, Boston, MA. Kurose, J.F., and Ross, K.W., 2016. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach.7th edn, Addison Wesley, New Jersey. Laan, S., 2013.IT Infrastructure Architecture-Infrastructure Building Blocks and Concepts Second Edition. Lulu. press. Laan, S., 2017.IT Infrastructure Architecture-Infrastructure Building Blocks and Concepts Third Edition. Lulu. com. Lee, G., 2014.Cloud networking: understanding cloud-based data center networks. Morgan Kaufmann. Null, L., and Labor, J., 2014. The essentials of computer organization and architecture. 4th edn, Jones Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA. Pfleeger, C., and Pfleeger, S., 2015. Security in Computing. 5th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Rountree, D. and Castrillo, I., 2013.The basics of cloud computing: Understanding the fundamentals of cloud computing in theory and practice. Newnes. Santana, G.A., 2013.Data center virtualization fundamentals: understanding techniques and designs for highly efficient data centers with Cisco Nexus, UCS, MDS, and beyond. Cisco Press. Stallings, W., and Case, T., 2013. Business data communications: Infrastructure, networking and security, 7th edn, Pearson, Boston. Stefanov, E. and Shi, E., 2013, May. Oblivistore: High performance oblivious cloud storage. InSecurity and Privacy (SP), 2013 IEEE Symposium on(pp. 253-267). IEEE. White, C., 2015.Data communications and computer networks: a business user's approach. Cengage Learning.

How to Choose Remains of the Day Essay Topics

How to Choose Remains of the Day Essay Topics A Startling Fact about Remains of the Day Essay Topics Uncovered Although pop culture is a necessary part of modern-day society, often it faces criticism from the members of non-mainstream groups. This story illustrates that a truly fantastic butler must know his place in the home and know he wasn't hired due to his political opinions. To think, all the men and women you know are your pals, but a very best friend is actually tricky to discover. One of the greatest strategies to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. New Ideas Into Remains of the Day Essay Topics Never Before Revealed The goal of a process essay is to give readers with some instructions for completing a specific undertaking. While some writers can find with wonderful ideas on the very first trial, many struggle on putting ideas with each other to write a very good essay. The writing process is a little tricky, but should you understand how to do i t, you won't have trouble composing it. There are several things that you can find out when reading different materials. The very first area of the introduction stipulates a definition. To conclude, kidney stones may be an extremely distressing issue. There's no prove to demonstrate your assertion is true. My rationale is that you learn to learn more about yourself because that is the only means it's possible to appreciate me for who I am. To write an excellent argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, which permits them to make an educated stance. For more information on this prospective thesis statement for The Odyssey, have a look at this guide. The Downside Risk of Remains of the Day Essay Topics At the conclusion of the second or third page, you realize you have deviated from the subject and may be even lost. Regardless, if you're reserving on the web make certain you erase your treats. As you start trying to find psychology essay topic ideas, the very first thing that you ought to think about is the guidelines for your essay given by your instructor. When it has to do with deciding on a topic, don't be fearful of the ones that sound generic, since you can use creativity to bring it to life. It's also a great topic for you to showcase various unseen side effects of financial downtime in the global sector. As mentioned before, our company gives excellent services to aid to your sociological essay topics needs. Since these topics are somewhat more abstract and might be indirectly linked to exchange prices, including them in your essay will aid your response stick out. It will permit you to shortlist some of the greatest thesis topics on finance. There are various immigration related topics. From the EPA to the National Parks System there are many means where the environment has played an important part in public administration. Furthermore, the objects and practices of popular culture may be an intriguing subject for study. Political and public administration topics can be challenging for students to find out by themselves. Social networking enslaves us. In addition to that, there are an additional 500,000 requiring a visit to the emergency room. Although some say completely free public transportation would assist the environment and cut back traffic, others think completely free public transportation is too costly, and the government can't afford to cover it. Make sure that you travel amid the week and not the close of the week, if you want to conserve the most extreme on your airfare. During his trip Stevens has plenty of time to consider things. The most significant thing in his life is his job and he's prepared to sacrifice the other facets of life so as to be the very best. There are, clearly, several interpretations of the term dignity, and, based on who is being asked, the response will most likely differ. The story isn't only about revenge and guilt. A friend is a person who's always there with you during positive and negative times. The One Thing to Do for Remains of the Day Essay Topics One of the absolute most important best places in Egypt, due to It holds a massive number of antiquities on the planet through archaeological sites which include thousands of artifacts. One of the absolute most important tourist destinations for Egypti ans and tourists, the Khan Al-Khalili market incorporates many handicrafts like wood crafts, copper and a few souvenirs and antiques, as well as the presence of several famed libraries and cultural cafes like coffee Al-Fishawi. Valentine's Day isn't a holiday. Allow a while to go to the Mummification Museum on the corniche. The Remains of the Day Essay Topics Pitfall Further, it's projected that 90% of all stones are made from calcium deposits. You need to do the right quantity of research from credible sources. Though the Atkins diet could be an efficient method to drop some weight, individuals should steer clear of the Atkins Diet because the drawbacks outweigh the advantages. Then there's the factor of social life, the deficiency of which can permit you to get depressed.

Ecstasy Essays (660 words) - Drug Culture, Substituted Amphetamines

Ecstasy Ecstasy Chemically, ecstasy is known as methylene-dioxymethamphetamine or MDMA. It falls between two major categories of drugs, hallucinogens and amphetamines. Ecstasy usually comes in the form of a small tablet. In 1914, MDMA was first used as a prescription drug to reduce appetite. However it wasn't until 1981 when American youths first started using it as a recreational drug. It was completely legal in the US until 1985 when it was added to the banned list. It was about the same time that the drug became illegal that its popularity had increased. Ecstasy had spread with the spread of dance clubs and the dance culture. Since 1981 when the drug was first used until now, 19 years later it is estimated that one and half million E's are taken every weekend. The reason that ecstasy and dance clubs go hand in hand is the effect it has on the body. After the initial consumption of the pill it takes about twenty minutes to an hour to feel the effects. Initial effects include dry mouth, dilated pupils, and tingling sensations. Most users feel an initial rush kind of like having butterflies in your stomach and tingling which is followed by a feeling of a warm euphoric or excited glow which lasts about four to six hours during this time the user feels calm and happy. Generally most users have a good experience, but there is still a chance of having a bad trip. Because of the fact that the drug heightens your mood and feelings if you take it when you are worried or distracted by something it could cause a bad experience. Like any other drug ecstasy has many physical side effects in addition to the emotional ones. Side effects include impaired co-ordination, loss of appetite, dehydration, and a rise in the users heart rate. Ecstasy is also said to inhibit or restrain an orgasm and prevent an erection in some men. However, most women feel more in control of their sexuality and find that the drug helps to induce an orgasm more readily. Some women have also found that the drug can cause their period to become irregular or to stop completely, while others found that their periods became heavier and longer. Another mental or emotional effect that the drug has on the body is that it will cause the user to feel depressed or moody during the days following the use, this is due to the fact that when you take the drug it releases chemicals in your body which take several days to reproduce. Well, we know what the drug does, but what exactly is it. Ecstasy is chemically supposed to contain MDMA, which consists of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. However, most ecstasy contains little or no MDMA and is laced with other amphetamines or hallucinogens like speed, LSD, caffeine, ephedrine, ketamine, and many over the counter or prescribed pain killers. No matter what is in it it generally always comes in the form of a white pill which basically looks like an aspirin, or it may have pictures printed on them. Just recently I heard talk of a new kind that comes in the shape of a shamrock. Regardless of what it looks like you can still not determine its contents without running tests. Ecstasy is commonly said to be a safe drug, very few talk about bad trips, and only about 50 deaths were ecstasy related last year, which is slim in comparison to other drug related deaths. From my former knowledge of the drug and the research that I have done I am going to conclude in saying that like any other drug ecstasy has its pros and cons, but what I have found is that the cons out weigh the pros. The biggest negative being that it is illegal, is it really worth a few hours of pleasure if you get caught? Bibliography Bibliography http://ibbserver.ibb.uu.nl/~jboschma/ecstasy/xtc21 http://usda/amph/ecstasy Health and Beauty Essays

Choosing Mock Turtle Essay Topics

Choosing Mock Turtle Essay TopicsMockingbird was not the only one of the Civil War generals who fought for a cause, so when one considers a Mock Turtle essay topic for a college class, it is likely that one of the things they will be reading is also something about other generals that were also fighting for a cause. This is an important subject for many students and teachers alike and the student who want to make a success of this type of essay may well want to spend some time researching this topic.The subjects for Mock Turtle essay topics generally come from historical events and figures and to some degree other students in class as well. One student will want to write a few essays on General Sherman while another may want to write some on Robert E. Lee or another related topic.There are a number of writers who want to write mock essays and mock turtle essays so that they can further their understanding of the war. While the principal purpose of these types of essays is to make a g ood grade or at least pass an assignment, some students choose to expand their knowledge even further by writing on topics that have been difficult to write about in the past. Although it may be easy to read a discussion on the Civil War on an essay topic and recognize that it is simply about general issues of war and politics, this might not be so simple if a student chooses to explore another perspective.In a history class, for example, it is more common to read about a particular politician, a famous painter, or a famous author than to read about generals and their campaigns. It would seem that the vast majority of people studying the Civil War would want to cover all of these topics, but the same cannot be said about students who do not feel as strongly about their favorite figures and politicians.Some students are much more comfortable writing about particular themes such as the Norman Conquest or the Truce rather than writing a mock essay on the history of military campaigns. These students may simply be more interested in the local history of the United States and can easily find their way through the large numbers of essays that address these topics. Some students, however, may have to spend more time researching the historical context before they can write about these matters because this could take up a large portion of their allotted time.Even though they may be tired after a long day in class, writing a mock essay may be much easier for students who want to write about a particular personality like Peter Van Buren. Perhaps they do not feel that they understand his role in history or they feel that there is too much that is left to research to write a full length Mock Turtle essay. They may also want to take a break from the course to go see a movie or read a book.No matter what the student's desire, writing a mock essay about a particular time period or personality will help them familiarize themselves with the area in which they are writing about. They will also gain an understanding of how best to approach a particular event or person in history. In addition, a person who has an interest in military history may also benefit from spending some time researching a topic that pertains to the field.Students will also be able to add to their understanding of a person or an event that is commonly discussed in Mock Turtle essay topics. The purpose of writing the essay is to be creative and to learn how to turn a variety of knowledge into a coherent and interesting essay that will help them achieve their academic goals.

How to Make Cover Page For College Essay

How to Make Cover Page For College EssayUsing the right words, as well as a list of examples, is all you need to know about writing a good cover page for a college essay. This is something that you are going to have to take care of for your school essays as well as other essays that you need to submit for different reasons.One of the most important aspects to how to make a cover page for college essay is the material in between the opening paragraph and the concluding paragraph. You have to remember that the conclusion needs to contain a link to the opening paragraph. This link should have the name of the person that you are writing for.One of the major considerations for the content in between the opening and closing paragraphs is that it is one of the most important things that you can have. After all, if you do not use it, your essay will be very hard to read. Of course, it has to flow from one paragraph to the next, but it should never be a maze to get through. Take the time to m ake sure that you have this down before you start writing.The next thing that you want to know about how to make a cover page for college essay is what should be included in the introduction. This is something that has to be something that is going to grab the reader's attention and keep it there. You also need to know that you need to place the name of the writer and the name of the school that they are from somewhere in the beginning of the introduction.The second crucial part of how to make a cover page for college essay is in the conclusion. This is also where you need to include your contact information and to include an article that is related to your essay topic. Remember that when you are trying to write a cover page for a college essay, it is all about being brief and making it look professional.It is also very important to remember that the name of the writer is a great title for the essay. You want to make sure that the readers will remember that this is who you are talki ng about and that they are a famous writer in your area. You should also always make sure that you have a link to the author's website and to your school so that the reader will feel like they are getting more out of your essay.The last thing that you need to know about how to make a cover page for college essay is the background of the writer. This is something that you are going to have to know about because if the writer is someone that you have heard of, then you will want to make sure that you place your name in the beginning of the biography. Of course, this should be listed in the order of the major accomplishments of the writer, although of course you want to make sure that the reader will remember it.These are just some of the aspects that you need to remember about how to make a cover page for a college essay. Of course, there are a lot of other things that you can add to the essay that should be done. Just remember that these are some of the major things that you need to take care of.

The Advantages of Online Teacher Assessment Software

The Advantages of Online Teacher Assessment SoftwareFor most teachers, action research papers and feedback sheets are the basis of classroom management. They let the teacher know what is being done with the classroom, what is required of them, and how much they are doing to make things better. However, not all teachers use action research as their main tool for controlling classroom behavior. You may be one of them.Often, teachers consider online teacher assessments as a substitute for classroom management tools. This isn't necessarily the case, but it is certainly an option worth exploring. When taken the wrong way, online teacher assessments can actually take away from the effectiveness of classroom management in certain situations.Online assessment programs help teachers find strengths in students, but also allow for the inclusion of weaknesses, or for students to improve. It's a great way to monitor progress in real time and allows you to track what works and what doesn't work. I t also provides opportunities for feedback to make teachers aware of the potential problems or areas for improvement.Online assessment programs can also help teachers to create goals that are realistic. Some of these may be more like homework assignments or can be more involved with student communication, attendance, and standardized test scores. Online assessment can also help teachers communicate effectively with students in a highly interactive manner.When creating classroom management software, you should avoid the pitfalls of online teaching assessment programs. First, do your homework and check out all the options. Only consider those that include a clear procedure for ensuring a user-friendly experience and other advanced features that will ensure you're getting the most from your resources.Second, do your research to ensure that online teacher assessment programs include real-time reporting and flexible data collection. If you are using this software to meet state guidelines , for example, consider a software program that allows you to customize reporting to meet your needs. This may involve options such as reporting on special education outcomes, progress for a group of students or assessments for multiple grades, and more.Finally, use software programs that help you to better manage your classes. Consider teaching tools that offer significant enhancements in the way you view and manage your classroom environment. Some of these programs might even be included in your classroom management package.

Marketing Communication in Benetton

Marketing Communication in Benetton The advertising objectives of the two companies The advertising objective of Benetton group was to create awareness about the brand and at the same time inform potential consumers about the ideals that the company supports.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Communication in Benetton specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This strategy was supposed to evoke emotions and to attach them to the company’s brand so that consumers can see it either as an agreeable personality or as an offending one or even a controversial personality. In this strategy, the objective of the company, which was to create awareness and imprint its logo in consumer’s memory, would be realized easily. Benetton used its controversial approach to advertising as a way to appear unique among its competitors. On the other hand, the objective of Yeo Valley was to inform customers of its products and to demystify the notion that organic foods must always be expensive and only to the rich. Several theories can explain the way advertising works, and these theories are useful for understanding the objectives of the two companies and their reason for the particular advertising strategies that they chose. Theories can either be on a singular version relating to the notion of hierarchy-of-effect. They can also be considering a multiple process approach and at the same time highlight the importance of location or brand attitude as the main communication objective. Irrespective of the underlying theory, communication ideas for advertising usually require companies to include six steps in separate or combined form. The steps are to become an advocate of the product, service or cause and then learn everything about it before going on to create an ad.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second one is to lear n about the target audience in conventional and specific terms that relate to the business such as their location and their opinion about the competition. The third step is to take the information learned about clients and target audience and to use it to come up with ideas and philosophies or techniques that can work. With several ideas in place, the fourth step is to expand on a few main ideas to ensure they communicate the message well. The next step is execution of the ideas and the last one is to collect feedback about the advertising. Based on the above six steps, the two companies appear to have met the criteria and this enabled them to achieve their objectives. For example, Benetton first defined its communication message and then proceeded to come up with advertising ideas that would help it create the relevant ads. The use of an internal ad team allowed it to control the process and to use ads that were coherent with the intentions of top management at the firm. The compan y collected feedback through media reactions of the ads it ran. In some cases, the feedback was bad and required public apologies from the company. Overall, Benetton could tell the success or failure of the ads by its performance in the market (Wardle, 2002). Yeo Valley also followed the steps to achieve its objective of reversing misconceptions about organic food and to promote its organic milk product.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Communication in Benetton specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It collected feedback through surveys and was able to engage consumers using social media, which helped Yeo Valley to determine whether its strategy was working or not. This came after extensive research into consumer trends and opinions on organic foods (Tiltman, 2011). Discussion on advantages and disadvantages of the advertising campaign used by Benetton for many years Benetton opted to capture social issues and h ighlight them in its advertisement for company values of promoting equality for all. When evaluating the ads in a postmodern society, they appear suiting to the characteristic of restlessness and use of an uncertain environment. They show that the company is not taking a business as usual approach and instead is trying to rearrange social power though advertising activism. In society, advertising works as a source of propaganda and people gain satisfaction when they purchase. Advertising at its core tries to sell a product by associating it with a particular socially efficacious characteristic such as what Benetton did with its â€Å"united colours of Benetton† ad campaign. The ads point to a preindustrial age where the object was to focus on events rather than objects where consumers would look at particular events such as arrival of ships and remember that it was time to make particular purchases. Today, the same would be applicable when talking of the arrival of new stock or holidays that come with massive sales from most companies (Bernardin et al., 2009). Advertising as Benetton case showed is a powerful social force but it caters mostly for mass consumers and does not actually change their attitudes and behaviours.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The disadvantage of the Benetton historical approach is that it was concerned with changing people’s opinions about social issues that may or may not relate to the brand (Tungate, 2007). Although the brand would benefit by staying in the news for various reasons, it also clearly demarcated itself. In one communication, it would appeal to a segment of consumers only to lose them in another communication attempt. The campaign failed to realize that people harbour different sentiments on different social issues. Thus, being controversial alienates some of its customer bases (Tiltman, 2011). The ad campaign did well in packaging people’s emotions and selling it back to them in a classic sense of what advertising is supposed to do (Wardle, 2002). Good advertising works as a mirror to society where individuals see their fears and aspirations and channel the feelings into consumer choices. Thus, by using already existing social concerns, the ads excelled because they function ed by redirecting issues that target audiences already shared. For example, some ads by Benetton used images that highlight social attitudes about poverty and homosexuality as cues to sell to people. Since the ads were using contrasting images, they were very attractive and the social nature of the contrast created enough interest to cause viewers to take more time and analyse the ad. As they did, they internalized the message and the slogan of the company. They would recall it later when making purchases. The same would happen whenever they interacted with the company slogan again. This method allowed ads by the company to remain timeless as compared to the competition (Sutton, 2009). A disadvantage of controversial advertising strategy is that provoking thoughts of consumers does not always work as expected. It can backfire not only on the company’s reputation but also on its finances. In the US, Benetton had to pay fines and it was banned in Germany (Ganesan, 2003). These outcomes can create adequate public hype about a company or a brand, but without access to particular markets, they end up being advertising funds spend for no monetary benefits in return (The Economist, 2004). The ad campaigns by Benetton were also not working because the company was relying on one strategy when pursuing a global brand building campaign. It should have recognized differing cultures, ideologies and opinions among and within countries (Percy, 2008). Disadvantages of overlooking cultural and market differences in advertising arise when words have different meanings to different people yet the company persists with one slogan and communication method. For example, the company sought to express its values of equality using images, but the same equality message would be empowering to some people and disempowering to others. Instead of noticing these differences caused by people’s culture in some countries, it went ahead to create additional ads with the same under lying message. This only worked to alienate some people from the brand. Those oppressed because of allowing equal access to dangerous people or groups in society would not take the message well (Phillips, Doole Lowe, 2008). A universal approach fails to recognize the predominant stereotype that could be influencing perceptions of equality (Pincas and Loiseau, 2008). In predominant white populations as in most of the Western world, minorities are interpreted in the mainstream according to the way the overall white population accepts and views them. Thus, in advertising, equal representation will seek to make minorities of race, economic states or cultures achieve similar standards as the dominant population. However, since the view used is the one popular with the majority, it may not capture the actual wishes of the minority. In the Benetton case, a disadvantage of its adverting approach was that, the message communicated to the majority in any particular issues was not the same as the one communicated to the minority despite the use of a universal message. For example, some African-Americans felt offended by an image of a black woman feeding a white baby, and some white people may be offended by the same image for its associated corruption of the white race. Nevertheless, these sentiments belong to minorities, but highlighted them can have a negative impact on the overall association of the ad communication strategy of Benetton (Ganesan, 2003). Although the appeal by Benetton was well intentioned, its effect could be fearful and tormenting to some audiences. The emotions evoked could linger in the target person’s memory for long after viewing the ad and can even spark social discussions on the issues to arouse additional negative emotions that will channel back to the brand. In the end, the brand becomes very popular, but rather than promote equality, it creates more animosity for those who like it against those who do not agree with its adverting pri nciples (Nan and Faber, 2004). However, there is a benefit associated with controversially separating the target community. The ad ends up creating a community of loyal followers and defenders of its ideals, which translates to brand ambassadors that act as key influencers in the rest of society and help the company to achieve its objectives of growing sales or increasing awareness without incurring additional costs. Controversy is an essential element for making advertising messages go viral (Scott Scott, 2011). Types of companies that might find the type of advertisement effective The mandate for companies to support social and environmental issues is loud and comes from increasing global consumer awareness and activism practices. Companies have to embrace social issues as part of their business growth strategies (OBarr, 2010). Therefore, embracing social issues as part of advertising can be a welcome twist that connects them well with their target consumer communities. Neverthel ess, the suitability of a given advertising strategy to controversial social issues remains limited to particular industries and nature of business together with company objectives. In this regard, the following are some of the companies that are use the model of Benetton in advertising and be effective (OBarr, 2007). Companies believing that there are only shocking realities and no shocking pictures could include advocacy and consulting companies seeking to promote corporate or individual behaviour change. Here companies seek to make subsequent images of their advertising unique so that they can be provocative and create a scandal (Moriarty et al., 2015). A company that is entering a highly competitive market can benefit greatly from shock advertising because it will be able to create a lot of buzz in a short time with a limited budget. Companies dealing in high street fashion are an example, because they need to create hype about their new clothing lines just in time for a particu lar season and use up the generated attention to make sales before rivals react to the marketing strategy (Schultz and Schultz, 2004). A company that is seeking to promote an alternative product to an addictive product is also a good candidate for shock advertising. A company that is making electronic cigarettes can use shocking images of traditional cigarette smokers or associated effects of the smoking to pass its message (Mooij and Hofstede, 2010). Another good candidate for shock advertising is a children’s home, a charitable organization or a company that is carrying out social sensitive corporate social responsibility projects such as feeding the homeless. Concordia Children’s Services, an organization from Philippines in 2008 carried out a print and online ad campaign showing pig breastfeeding human babies similar to the way it would breastfeed several piglets concurrently. The ad was controversial and included a copy message of â€Å"if you don’t help t hem, who will?† It also included a number and the name of the organization. The contrast was interesting and thought provoking just as Benetton ads are (Bashin, 2011). Analysis of Yeo Valley’s 2010 campaign The Yeo Valley’s 2010 campaign was successful in its attempt to create seek attention, create interest and drive through a particular communication to compel viewers to act in a certain way. With the hierarchy model of advertising, which contributes to the hierarchy-of-effects theory, a consumer moves through three main stages namely cognitive stage, affective stage and finally behavioral stage. An effective ad is the one that allows consumers to transition smoothly through all the three stages. Ads that fail and lose consumers in any part of the process will not succeed overall. Therefore, every part of the model is essential. In the actual hierarchy-of-effects theory, consumers move from awareness to knowledge and this are all parts of the cognitive stage (G anesan, 2003). In the Yeo Valley’s 2010 campaign, consumers already first become aware of the farmers and the musical nature of the ad and then they realize that is actually farmers who are rapping. The ad uses their knowledge of hip-hop culture of rapping and they might have seen in popular hip-hop music videos. The ad combines it with their awareness of farmers and the familiarity of a farm with its machinery and buildings. Shooting the video in a farm quickly places the ad in context. The controversial image of farmers rapping creates interest, but to sustain the interest, which comes as the next step in the hierarchy-of-effects theory, the farmers mimic actual hip-hop videos and glorify their farm equipment, their clothing and the product, which is Yeo Valley’s yoghurt. There are scenes of cows with tags and neckbands that mimic scenes in actual rapping videos where rappers show their chains and glamorous wristwatches. There is a repeated scene of a tractor lifting itself on its back wheel and excavator (Covert, 2011). The interest in the ad is sustained by actual lyrics of the ad that communicate the brand message, informing people about the culture of consuming organic milk products is cool just the way hip-hop and rap music is cool. The strategy is appealing to a young population that is the target market, and this makes the ad effective (Barker Angelopulo, 2006). The final steps of the advertising model are evaluation, trial and evaluation. The ad succeed in making customers evaluate its products, and try them from stores then evaluating the product in relation to its advertised ideals as captured by customer feedback on the ad and on social media (BBC, 2011). The source of the ad communication is Yeo Valley and its message is that the company is capable of coming up with slick products and practices that make its customers appeal cool. In addition, the company is passing on the message that it is in harmony with nature. Customers receiv e cues about Yeo Valley showing the company following natural farming practices in a passionate way to make a difference in people’s lives. The channel for communication was online video, traditional media and social media. The traditional media airing of the video helped to create awareness, while the other two channels allowed the company to benefit from the awareness through sustained word-of-mouth referrals for the ad and adequate sensitization of the brand and the product. This eventually compelled people to try the product and evaluate it (Scott and Scott, 2011). Effect of marketing communication strategy of Benetton and Yeo Valley on the society The communication strategies of the two companies create new goals for advertising because they shatter social expectations. They increase the achievement threshold of advertising by extending the scope of traditional channels and designs of communication brand awareness beyond features that already familiar to consumers. On th e other hand, the brands make it possible for companies to change consumer perception about particular social issues that go beyond a particular product or brand. Benetton succeeded in highlighting plight of the minority and needy is several aspects of conventional stereotype images. Yeo Valley succeed in changing perception of its target community about organic foods in general and to increase support for natural farming practices by dissociating the practice with wealthy consumers and instead attaching it to a sustainability cause for the environment (Acton, 2011). Advertising that breaches social norms ends up creating more fear as the ideal method of advertising and the overall effect is that companies heighten fear levels in society than may work in the short term but alienate consumers in the end. Society ends up getting used to more stimulating images and videos of advertisements and immunity to advertising increases overall. Even with shock advertising, there is always a bet ter and more effective method of arousing interest and causing scandal compared to what currently works in the market. Therefore, firm are always playing catch-up to each other, and end up desensitizing consumers on the issues that they are supposed to arouse caring feelings (Batra, Myers and Aaker, 2006). However, the advertising strategy of the two companies also demonstrates the capabilities of non-verbal communication as an effective way of penetrating particular messages to consumers without risking alienation. It also shows that advertising is merging with other traditional forms of marketing to become a continuum rather than discrete segments. With interactivity built into advertising, the society is getting powers to shape advertising by companies through real-time reactions that defend a brand or tarnish it in public. Thus, companies are able to embrace advertising as a cyclic process in their marketing communication strategy. Conclusion The marketing communication strategy by Benetton and Yeo Valley is unique because it relies on novelty of concepts and communication messages. 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