Pros and Cons of Television

For approximately people, ceremony tv is an enjoyable way to excrete time. It is an undemanding activity that passes the time and in that location ar very few families that dont own at least one television. Since so m any people straightaway own a television, there has been a proliferation in the number of channels available and shows to watch, so that you evict quite easily find yourself spending hours in front of the television.Consequently, you whitethorn neglect other activities that pauperization doing. Thus, although television may help to ease boredom, there argon also some negative aspects associated with observation television.Breaking news shown live on your TVGlobal news network allows the latest global events to be aired global and beamed directly to your living room. Examples (from top-left, clockwise) include September 11th attack, 2004 Tsunami in Indonesia, 2008 H1N1 outbreak and 2011 earthquake in Japan.Pros of watching televisionThe po moldive aspects of w atching television include that you have something to talk to friends and relatives about. There ar certain programs which are more popular than others and if you watch them you olfactory sensation included and that you have something in common with the people around you. Television jackpot help to foster a sense of national identity, since a significant equipoise of the population will be exposed to the same kinds of news programs and television shows, so that people feel that they belong to a wider community. Plus, television can also be informative and educational, opening peoples eyes up to the world outside.Educational TV programsEducational TV programs provide priceless information that not tho educate but also opens up your mind. Most of these programs teach and educate people on subjects that you may otherwise will not k like a shot and are never taught in schools.Cons of watching televisionNon-educational TV programsHowever, there are also a lot of television shows th at are not very educational, and could even be considered trash. Reality shows, for instance, offer nothing of any worth to the audience, yet people still tune in. raft get hooked on shows which are poorly produced and concentrate mostly on issues of sex and violence. Although there is no conclusive evidence that watching violence on television makes children more red, when there is so more violence on television, it makes sense that people would become desensitized to it, and that this could make it easier for children to engage in violent activities.Watching too much TV can lead to weight gain, poor social skills and lower faculty member results Unsupervised children spending too much of their time in front of a TV can have a big impact on their life. Obesity, lack of social skills and poor academic results are just some of the effects TV have on children. Some psychologist believe that too much TV time can have a major effect in the psychology of the child. Children are suppo se to interact and play, not sit and watch.Poor parenting and weight gainIt is also evident that many another(prenominal) people spend too much time watching television, so that parents dont bother to spend any time playing or talking with their children. It is far easier to stick them in front of the television, rather than winning them to the park. It cant be a coincidence that so many people are now overweight when they spend much more time watching television than they would have done eld ago. People used to be a lot more active, but now television is the most convenient way for individuals to keep themselves occupied. Thus, they burn hardly any calories while most probably devour an excessive amount of calories.Its addictiveEven though there are many negative aspects associated with watching television, many people enjoy television far too much to reduce the amountthey watch or to avoid watching television altogether. People enjoy not having to think for themselves and to b e able to sit down and watch something that helps them to relax, so why would they change?

Math Self-efficacy

mathematics Self-efficacy 1 Running head SELF-EFFICACY AND STANDARDIZED TEST surgical procedure Accepted for publication in the Journal of Educational Psychology. This version may slightly differ from the create version. Does Math Self-efficacy Mediate the Effect of the perceive Classroom Environment on Standardized Math rill Performance? Lisa A. Fast University of California, riverside James Lewis University of California, Riverside Michael J. Bryant California Institute of the Arts Kathleen A. Bocian University of California, Riverside Richard A.Cardullo University of California, Riverside Michael Rettig University of California, Riverside Kimberly A. Hammond University of California, Riverside Math Self-efficacy 2 Abstract We examined the deed of the perceived classroom purlieu on math self-efficacy and the effect of math self-efficacy on order math test performance. Upper elementary domesticate schoolchilds (n = 1163) provided self-reports of their perceived math selfef ficacy and the degree to which their math classroom environment was conquestoriented, challenging, and caring. Individual student scores on the California Standards Test for Mathematics were as well collected.A series of two-level models revealed that students who perceived their classroom environments as more(prenominal) caring, challenging, and mastery-oriented had importantly higher levels of math efficacy, and higher levels of math efficacy arbitraryly predicted math performance. Analysis of the indirect make of classroom variables on math performance requestd a small significant mediating effect of self-efficacy. Implications for research on self-efficacy and the perceived classroom environment atomic number 18 discussed. Math Self-efficacy 3 Does Math Self-efficacy Mediate the Effect of the Perceived Classroom Environment on Standardized Math Test Performance?In the current high-s productions examination environment, any attribute of a student that positively warps ac tion is of chase. The degree to which a student believes that he/she is undetermined of performing particular(prenominal) tasks, referred to as self-efficacy, is particularly relevant given that self-efficacy has been argued to have powerful effect on achievement behavior (Bandura, 1986). Those with higher self-efficacy are proposed to have higher aspirations, stronger commitments to their deaths, and recover more promptly from setbacks than those lower in self-efficacy. Beliefs in unrivalleds efficacy can vary across pedantician subjects (e. . reading vs. writing) and self-efficacy for mathematics has received close attention. Students with higher math self-efficacy persist longer on difficult math problems and are more accurate in math computations than those lower in math self-efficacy (Collins, 1982 Hoffman & Schraw, 2009). Math self-efficacy is also a stronger predictor of math performance than either math anxiety or introductory math feature (Pajares & Miller, 199 4 Pajares & Miller, 1995, respectively) and influences math performance as strongly as overall mental world power (Pajares & Kranzler, 1995).The demonstrated richness of self-efficacy in academician achievement has provoked widespread interest in specific factors that hazard a students self-efficacy beliefs. Banduras (1997) social-cognitive theory proposed that self-efficacy is most strongly mended by ones previous performance and research largely supports this (Chen & Zimmerman, 2007). His theory also call downs that self-efficacy is affected by observing others (e. g. watching peers succeed at a task), verbal persuasion (e. g. encouragement from parents and teachers), and interpretation of physiological states (e. g.Math Self-efficacy 4 lack of anxiety may be a signal that one possesses skills). Although several studies indicate that manipulating features of education environments along these theoretical premises has immediate and detectable effects on self-efficacy (Schun k, 1982, 1983, 1984 Schunk & Hanson, 1985), it seems possible that students detections of their learning environments also affect their efficacy beliefs. Ames (1992) argued that learning environments may non provide a common experience for all students and that students subjective interpretations of their environment determine how they respond to it.For example, a teacher might be expound by an objective observer as helpful, but if a student perceives him/her as unhelpful, then the perception of unhelpfulness will guide the students behavior more than the teachers actual helpfulness. Focusing on perceptions of the classroom environment is arranged with Banduras (1997) theory, which suggests that self-efficacy is influenced by how an individual interprets relevant information. For example, a student might interpret a perceived unhelpful teacher as take the stand that he/she lacks ability.In the current study, we focus on three aspects of the perceived classroom environment that affect self-efficacy Mastery-orientation, Challenge, and Caring. The degree to which students perceive their classroom environment as one that encourages mastery versus performance goals has been prominently studied (Ames, 1992 Dweck, 1986 Maehr & Nicholls, 1980, respectively). Classrooms structured around mastery goals emphasize effort and the natural cherish of learning students who adopt mastery goals are more seeming to believe that effort leads to success (Weiner, 1979) and queer positive attitudes towards learning (Ames & Archer, 1988).In contrast, classrooms structured around performance goals emphasize ability and competition Math Self-efficacy 5 between peers students who adopt performance goals are more likely to use shallow learning strategies (Meece et al. , 1988) and negate challenging tasks (Dweck, 1986). Although both of these classroom goal structures theoretically influence the achievement goals that students adopt, only mastery goal structures are consistently related to selfefficacy. some(prenominal) studies have found that students who perceive their classroom environment as more mastery oriented have higher academic self-efficacy (Dorman, 2001 Friedel et al. , 2007 Middleton & Midgley, 1997), whereas performance oriented classrooms have been found to be unrelated, positively related, and negatively related to self-efficacy (Friedel et al. , 2007 Wolters et al. , 1996 Schunk, 1996, respectively). Studies using path analysis have also found that self-efficacy mediates the influence of mastery-oriented classrooms on performance (Bong, 2008 Greene, Miller, Crowson, Duke, & Akey, 2004).In particular, Wolters (2004) found that mastery goal structure had a significant positive effect on students math grades, but when math self-efficacy was included in the model, the effect of mastery structure on course grades became nonsignificant. The degree to which a classroom environment is perceived as challenging also influences self-efficacy. A chall enging environment is one in which students are provided with progressively difficult tasks as their proficiency adds. Vygotsky (1978) argued that quarrel is essential for intellectual development and Grolnick et al. 2002) proposed that individuals are born with a need to test their abilities and master their environment. Accordingly, evidence indicates that students enjoy learning when tasks are challenging (Zahorik, 1996). Although challenge has been most prominently discussed as an important facilitator of intrinsic motivation (e. g. Malone & Lepper, Math Self-efficacy 6 1987), some researchers suggest that it also leads to stronger beliefs in ones academic abilities (Meyer, Turner, & Spencer, 1997 Stipek, 2001).Participating in challenging activities allows students to notice their incremental improvement in a subject, which increases regainings of self-competence. In support of this, nobility and Owen (2004) reported that middle and high school students who perceived their c lassroom as challenging were more likely to have higher academic self-efficacy. Similarly, Meyer, Turner, & Spencer (1997) found that fifth and sixth-grade students who were characterized as challenge-seekers had higher math self-efficacy, while students who were characterized as challenge-avoiders had lower math self-efficacy.Finally, the degree to which students perceive their classroom as a caring environment also has an important influence on self-efficacy. In a caring classroom (also referred to as Teacher interest group Newman, 2002 Personalization Frasier & Fisher, 1982), the teacher expresses personal interest in students, provides emotional support, and generally creates a comfortable atmosphere. Murdock and Miller (2003) suggest that students who perceive their teachers as caring are more likely to view themselves as academically capable and set higher educational goals for themselves.Positive relationships between students and teachers provide a critical developmental r esource for children students are more likely to seek help when they need it and develop a wide range of competencies when they feel emotionally supported by their teachers (Crosnoe, Johnson, & Elder, 2004 Pianta, Hamre, & Stuhlman, 2003). Accordingly, evidence suggests that students who perceive their teachers as more caring have significantly higher academic self-efficacy (Murdock & Miller, 200 Patrick et al. , 2007). Pianta et al. (2008) also found that fifth-grade students had higher performance on math tests whenMath Self-efficacy 7 their classrooms were rated higher in emotional support. In addition, the effect of emotional support on math achievement was larger than the effect of quantity of math instruction. The authors noted that, this is especially interesting because math is perhaps not a subject where teacher-student relations are as much a focus, (Pianta et al. , 2008, p. 389). In summary, math self-efficacy appears to antic an important role in math achievement and m ediates the influence of mastery-oriented classroom environments on math achievement.Global academic self-efficacy also seems to be positively affected by caring and challenging classroom environments. However, several issues inhabit unclear. Little is known either roughly the influence of caring and challenging classroom environments specifically on math self-efficacy or whether math self-efficacy mediates the influence of challenging and caring classroom environments on math achievement. Further, roughly nothing is known about the relationships between math self-efficacy, perceived classroom environment, and achievement in the scene of standardized math test performance.These are important gaps in the literature in light of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2002 that requires all students to take standardized math tests annually in grades 3 through 8 and once during high school. Scores on these tests are increasingly universe used for high-stakes purposes that affect bot h students and teachers. According to the National Center for Fair and Open Testing (2007), standardized test scores of fourth, fifth, and sixth graders can be used for the following purposes in California to gravel students into instructional groups (e. . remedial or special education programs), determine school eligibility for federal funding, make decisions about whether principals, Math Self-efficacy 8 teachers, and staff are offered continued employment, and determine whether or not teachers get bonuses. Several researchers have argued that the implementation of NCLB has led to a focus on testing and evaluation that permeates the school environment (Meece, Anderman, & Anderman, 2006 Ryan et al. , 2007). It is important to examine how student motivation (e. g. elf-efficacy) and classroom environments are related to one another in this legislated performance-oriented environment. In the current study, we predicted that math self-efficacy mediates the influence the perceived of c lassroom environment on standardized math test performance (Figure 1). Specifically, we predict that students perceptions of the degree to which their classroom environment is mastery-oriented, challenging, and caring has a direct and positive influence on math self-efficacy, and math self-efficacy has a direct and positive effect on student performance on standardized math tests.Each of these three aspects of the classroom environment will positively affect self-efficacy for the following reasons. Mastery-orientation will have a positive influence on math self-efficacy because environments that encourage students to take pride in their effort and value learning for its own sake, rather than simply emphasize the importance of good grades, will allow students to feel more confident in their ability.Challenge will also be associated with higher math self-efficacy because being afforded the opportunity to progressively master tasks that are slightly beyond ones current capacity allows a student to observe his/her own progress and gradually increase beliefs in his/her ability. Finally, caring will have a positive influence on math self-efficacy because Bandura (1993) argued that affective processes affect self-efficacy. In particular, environments that arouse anxiety and other negative emotions have a negative affect on efficacy beliefs (Usher, 2009).We Math Self-efficacy 9 hypothesize that environments in which teachers take a personal interest in and emotionally support students are less likely to arouse negative emotions than environments in which teachers are impersonal and emotionally disconnected, and therefore caring environments will positively affect self-efficacy. Methods Participants The 1,163 participants in our study were fourth, fifth, and sixth graders who attended elementary school in an inland southern California suburban school zone during the 2005-06 and 2006-07 academic years.The schools were located in low to middle income neighborhoods, wit h 59% (n = 682) of our participants receiving free and/or reduced lunch. Participants came from 88 separate classrooms. The mean cluster size was 13. 22 (SD = 5. 95) and ranged from 2 to 25 students per classroom. The majority of our sample consisted of Hispanic/a (62%) and Caucasian (31%) students and other ethnic groups included African American (4%), Asian (1%), Pacific island-dweller (

Cultural Identity in the Film American Gangster Essay

Films constitute as the perfect utilisation in communicating cultural identity, the elements much(prenominal) as character, plot, and script pose as effective tools for communicating the trains message. Much of this can be attributed to the basic premises of culture and communication as 2 terms co-related in such a way that cultures will simply cease to endure or continue without communication. Likewise, communication of a certain throng of people is only limited to the traits lucid to their cultural pattern.In recent years, it has doubtlessly been established that the broad context of cultures is a way of identifying a group of people this is because consciously or unconsciously everyone belongs to a particular sub-culture or microculture which uniquely signifies him or her from the primary(prenominal) culture. For instance, the American culture is divided in to different microcultures considering that the United States is comprised of a diversity of people. James W. Neuli ep (1999) defines microculture as a set of common values, beliefs, and behaviour that defines a group of people.The aforementioned values, beliefs, and behaviour also immix shared histories as well as verbal and non-verbal language systems that are similar to, but methodically differing from the dominant cultural norms. The front picture American Gangster (Directed by Ridley Scott, starring Denzel Washington and Russel Crowe) concurs with the preceding(prenominal) statement of how the cinematic tradition communicates cultural identity. This is, in large part, brought about by the fact that the film contains themes and elements which present traits and values reflected by several microcultures such as race, gender, and socio-economic status.Primarily, American Gangster follows the rise of plain-spoken Lucas as a prominent figure in Harlems organized offence and drug trafficking industries. The motion picture is a fictionalized re-telling of how Frank Lucas, following the death of his boss, Bumpy Johnson, gradually monopolized the New York drug dige with marvellous capitalist principles and devised a flawless importation scheme thereby allowing him to sell his good superior merchandise at a more affordable price (Scott, 2007).However, law graduate/street cop Richie Roberts, who is struggling to fight corruption inside the force as well as the entire city while struggling to keep his marital life intact, felt the sudden displacement of power in the underground crime domain (Scott, 2007). Combining both street smarts and experience, Roberts conforms to the belief that an unlikely individual is come up the ladder of success overtaking on the prominent Italian-American crime families in the organized crime painting.As such Roberts decides to probe the situation conterminously giving him promising results which co-incidentally became huge turning point of his crime busting career (Scott, 2007). In a first look, the motion picture, American Gangster, ap pears to be another boring mobster film, however, the film highlights a character that efficaciously communicates the notable traits of people from a particular or several(a) microculture.Not to be mistaken as a form of stereotyping or prejudice, the character simply mirrors the stodgy patterns distinct of the African-American races traits and behaviour. Likewise, the character also reflects the conventional lifestyle of wealthy moving in executives who keep a low profile while running their respective occupancyes. Blood is thicker than water, so as the saying goes, this is how American Gangsters Frank Lucas (George Washington) pop offs his life, both in personal and professional perspectives. cosmos an old- make person, Frank Lucas actions reflect the traditional norms of African Americans, most particularly of the belief in close family ties. Primarily, most members of Lucas organization are immediate blood relatives. Frank Lucas seems to trust his family in running his busi ness above everyone else. In addition, despite the moral controversy surrounding his source of living, Lucas also constantly pays timeless gratitude as a son by prioritizing his mother and escorting her to church every Sunday and never miss a family affairAt the same time, Lucas also belonged to the upper class social category considering the visualized extravagant lifestyle he lives and his unique ability to manipulate the underground crime and drug scene as well as some officers of the New York Police Department to his advantage, level off influencing established crime organizations and overpowering stable crime factions such as the Lucchese Crime Family and the Mafia respectively (Scott, 2007).Conversely, creation the rotten rich drug lord that he is, Lucas is a very passive person in such a way that he refrained from wearing any expensive jewellery and other accessories as frequently as possible, this is perhaps to keep a low profile and to command attention away from him and his periodical operations. . Both Lucas race and socio-economic status identify him the most because of how Richie Roberts immediately felt that the sudden change of discover over the underground crime scene was brought about by an African-American individual.His socio-economic status provided Roberts with the evidence that he is a major player in New Yorks underground crime scene as the ingenious street cop instantly determined Lucas as an elite crime boss even though his identity was not yet confirmed. Moreover, as Lucas frequently reiterated and practiced throughout the film, he upholds the grandness of honesty, integrity, and family in his business and his life (Scott, 2007).As precedingly iterated, Lucas rose to prominence as the kingpin of heroin trafficking and marketing in the Harlem area, thus, he experienced a high power distance level for two reasons. start-off, Lucas became so powerful that he had the capacity to bypass notorious crime families such as the Luch esse and the Mafia. sanction is that Lucas stayed kingpin for seven years until he gets finally caught in 1975 (Scoot, 1975). However, like all empires in history, Lucas drug empire crumbled in due time.As such, his power distance had a total paradigm shift as he chose to be a police asset in exchange for his freedom (Scott, 2008). or else of paying his social debt by imprisonment, Lucas embarked on the path of self-redemption by becoming a police witnesser and helping solve the evasive nature of underground crime and corruption within the force. Frank Lucas cosmos the premiere heroin supplier during the late 60s and the first half of the 70s, lived in a high context microculture, largely due to the fact that most of his leisurely activities reflected the glitz and glamour of high society.Initially, despite the previous statement that he does not wear expensive accessories, Lucas dresses up in a well fashioned manner. Moreover, Lucas has enough funds to witness headlining events and be seated among the wealthy crime lords during main sports events such as the first bout between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier 1971. However, since he kept a low profile, Frank Lucas also chose to live in low context microcultures. One is that he avoided any form of attention and suspicion from politics during his 7-year tenure as a drug lord.Second is that although he dresses himself well enough to be howling(a) as an individual with above average socio-economic status, he does not manifest any means of telltale(a) his financial stability. As a person, Frank Lucas is both an individualistic and collectivistic. This is, in large part, brought about by the identities he maintains both as a family man and a drug lord. Lucas is individualistic in such a way that he took the bold choice of going to the main source in lodge to purchase the merchandise himself (Washington, 2007).Lucas also appears to have little tolerance for failure despite the fact that his cause family is part of the business. On the other hand, Frank Lucas also manifests a collectivist attitude by being over generous to his own family members and business associates. As previously mentioned, Lucas prioritizes family even if his business is at stake. First notable thing is that Lucas uses some of the proceeds from his business to purchase a larger and more desirable home for his mother.Another thing is that Lucas never fails to give provide the main dish for Thanks cock-a-hoop dinner and although he has temper problems when it comes to failure and excuses, Lucas generally upholds the principles of honesty, integrity, and family. The motion picture American Gangster effectively communicates the cultural patterns of the group where Frank Lucas is categorized during a particular era through the elements and themes integrated within it. Likewise, despite the account that the film is only a fictionalized re-telling of a particular culture, the reality of what truly happened has been extensi vely established.Furthermore, although the central character, Frank Lucas, belongs to a multitude of microcultures or sub-cultures, strong evidence within the film has once again re-established the principles of co-existence between communication and culture. References Grazer, B. , Whitaker, J. , Zaillian, S. , Pillegi, N (Producers) and Scott, R. (Director). (2007). American Gangster Motion Picture. Los Angeles, CA Universal Pictures, Imagine Entertainment. Neuliep, J. W. (1999). Intercultural Communication. B, MA Houghton Mifflin Company

Police on the Dark Side Essay

unity nominate say that corruption, misconduct, and brutality are issues that exist in police agencies across the country. With strength comes responsibility, which is a trait that he or she would assume that every ships officer would have, but with an undisciplined sagacity power and authority can be terribly abused. Police corruption can be defined as acts involving the misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner intentional to produce personal gain for him or for others(Walker & Katz, Chapter 13 Police depravation, 2011).Though a police officer is paid fairly decent, there is much temptation to entice an officer in becoming corrupt. With a given scenario, hands full of officers have a warrant to enter a house hazard of possessing drugs. During search and seizure over a half million dollars is discovered along with 10 kilos of Cocaine. A responsible officer turns in every last dollar and ounce of drugs, Where in when the in the mind of a corrupted officer he or she see it fit to partially to submit evidence, facial expression at his or her own person gain in the situation.At this point it is an inordinate social occasion of misconduct at hand where the officer is behaving in an improper or unprofessional manner. As I stated before an officer is paid fairly decent, I can also argue that in some agencies officers are underpaid and overworked. This sometimes causes the officer to be more reluctant in conforming into a corrupt individual. In 2009 four officers of the clams police were charged in what was viewd a Special operations Section scandal. When you think about the authority of the police, they are very powerful individuals who are respected by all and are feared by most on the other side of the law.Within operation the theme was accused of making false arrests, committing robberies, and home invasions for several years, acting under the guise of busting street gangs and rounding error up guns (Heinzmann, 2009). This was a high sophis ticated outfit, which involved over a dozen officers with the scandal. Police Corruption and Misconduct are not the only issues that plague agencies across the county. Here, and there are of Police brutality emerge. New Years Day of 2009, BART police respond to a call of hugger-mugger conduct that was taking place on an inbound train pulling into West Oakland.The call was in response to a brawl that had taken place among a 12 intoxicated individuals on the train. Officers transmit several young men from the train and instructed them to all take a seat. Of the passengers, Oscar Grant looks to me in a struggle with officers but from the videos standpoint Oscar seem to be subdued. During the struggle one officer kneels down on top of Oscars neck although another officer is attempting to handcuff him. In a blink of an eye the officer the who was trying to handcuff Oscar takes a half step back draws his portion weapon and fires a single shot into Oscars back.Oscar would later die at t he hospital from his wound. This would be seen as an unscrupulous act of police brutality that had taken place in the city of Oakland. The end in the Special Operations Scandal was the and ring leader at the center of the scandal precedent Chicago police Officer Jerome Finnigan what handed down a twelve year sentence in a federal prison. Needless to say I agree whole heartedly with the verdict based on the fact he was a highly decorated officer who led the departments elect Special Operations Section.This unit amassed a furry that took guns and millions of dollars in drugs out off the streets of Chicago. I believe that Finnigan became a product of the environment he worked in and was consumed with the power bestowed in him. It was also said that he suffered from stress and alcohol abuse. Though was he did was wrong he still severed the people of Chicago well and deserve to see his golden years outside prison. In the case of Oscar Grant, I all in all disagree with the decision of that case.Johannes Mehserle, the officer shot Grant was sentenced to two years in prison for unconscious manslaughter. He was sentenced on Nov. 5, 2010, and after receiving double credit for time already served, was released on June 13, 2011 (Stern, 2013, para. 9). This was a definite of example of failure to critically think under pressure, which result in a loss of life. Those can say it was motivated by hate and racism but on will truly grapple what went on in the mind of this officer that day, but from judging from the videos he did not have the thou light to use lethal force.If were to you take examine the The Force Continuum (Grant & Terry, Chapter 9, 2012). Oscar was only at the Active protection stage that only should have been met with compliance techniques, such as come along holds, pressure points and chemical sprays to disorient him from resisting further. Finnigan should have received no less than a ten sentence because his actions were reckless, irresponsible, and ultimately stop a human life where in most agencies is to preserve it.

Backsourcing Pain

When an individual from the United States nowadays calls the customer support tenderness of a business organization, chances are the customer support representative is one who resides an separate country. Globalization has open(a) opportunities for businesses to offsource their IT and customer relations department to other countries, usually in Asia. Although offshore outsourcing is a relatively recent trend, companies outsourcing their IT needs to other countries in the United States have been going on for a genuinely long duration. Such was the fact of JP Morgan chase after.This paper would provide a brief summary on the outsourcing bet on with IBM in 2002 as well as the reasons for the premature termination of the venture surrounded by the twain companies and whether the political partys decision was in full diligence in terms of the agreement between the devil companies. It would also discuss the pros and cons of bringing back IT functions of JP Morgan pursue which were outsourced to IBM. Definition of Backsourcing In order to full deal the decision of JP Morgan to backsource their IT functions, the definition and process of backsourcing should be first discussed.Companies have begun to look into outsourcing their Customer Relations and IT functions to other companies in order to acquire high theatrical role services period cutting back expenses that the friendship would have to deal with if these were done in-house. However, once these operations are outsourced, it becomes more than difficult to monitor the quality of service creation provided. Because of this, many companies have decided to bring back these operations in-house through a process they have called backsourcing (Overby, 2005b Tadelis, 2007).While this process may be the ideal survival for many companies who are unsated with the services provided by the outsourcing connection, many companies would rather choose to work thing out with the outsourcing companies as remote to backsourcing the operations that have been originally outsourced because of the expenses that concur along with backsourcing so much so that out of the 70% of executives that have express their disappointment in the quality of service being provided by outsourcing companies, only 25% of them have decided to backsource the operations that have been originally outsourced to other companies.These expenses include the reestablishment of all of its own systems, employees and operate procedures in order to realign these with the corporate structure and strategies of the federation (Overby, 2005a). Backsourcing Endeavor of JP Morgan cut through Stephanie Overbys (2005a) condition Outsourcing and Backsourcing at JP Morgan pass over provides a look into the events surrounding the decision of the ripened executives of JP Morgan Chase to outsource and eventually backsource their IT functions to IBM.Since 2001, news started to circulate among the employees of JP Morgan Chase that the connection was looking into outsourcing most of its IT functions to IBM. The venture was announced through a press release on December 20, 2002. The venture was to last seven years and had cost JP Morgan Chase $5 billion. In the contract between the two companies, IBM was to handle the data centers, helpdesks, distributed computing and data and portion networks of JP Morgan Chase. Thomas B.Ketchum express in the press release that the venture would create an environment that will advertize efficient growth of the confederation, acceleration of the innovation of the technology used of JP Morgan Chase, increase the service quality provided to the shareholders and customers of JP Morgan Chase and provide career opportunities for the employees of the IT department of JP Morgan Chase while reducing the expenses that the company would otherwise have to facet (Overby, 2005a). Unfortunately, this was non the case.Many employees of JP Morgan Chase have stated that once the venture was underway, they had to first be re-interviewed by the executives of IBM for the same position that they were employed in prior to the outsourcing of the IT functions to IBM by JP Morgan Chase. Many of the employees have been fixed off as a result. Those who were retained experienced salary cuts of as much as 20% (Overby, 2005a). On phratry 15, 2004, JP Morgan Chase had announced through a press release that they were prematurely ending their outsourcing venture with IBM.Austin Adams, CIO of JP Morgan Chase, stated in the press release that the decision was reached after the senior executives of the company believed that managing their own IT functions was the best options for the company in order to attain its long term goals since it would provide competitive advantages and more efficiency in the level of service being provided. Another reason for the decision was the completion of the merger between JP Morgan Chase and situate unitary which was finalized on July 1, 2004.B ecause coast One had previous experiences in backsourcing their own IT functions, the merger between Bank One and JP Morgan Chase would ensure a smoother backsourcing transition (Overby, 2005a). Diligence of JP Morgan Chases Backsourcing Just like all backsourcing projects of different companies, many analysts have viewed that the outsourcing and subsequent backsourcing of the companys IT functions were both(prenominal) costly and challenging despite its senior executive being noted to state that the transitions were smooth.This was supported by the lack of diligence the senior executives placed on the morale and security of its employees as well as its selection of the outsourcing company (Overby, 2005a). In the past three years, IBM has made a mark in being an outsourcing company so much so that the companys outsourcing activities, handled by IBM Global Services, was account equal to(p) in increasing IBMs revenues from $36. 3 billion to $46. 2 billion between 2002 and 2004.Duri ng the time that JP Morgan Chase entered in an outsourcing venture with IBM, IBM has already been handling the outsourcing services of many multibillion dollar companies which included American Express, Deutsche Bank and Michelin. This imposing clientele would initially make any company looking into outsourcing their IT functions make IBM a viable choice (Overby, 2005a). However, the senior executives of JP Morgan Chase have failed to look more closely into the quality of service and performance provided by IBM to its outsourcing clients by doing more background research.Many financial experts including Schonenbach and Dane Anderson, program director of Meta Group, have actually noted that while IBM may continuously be catering to multibillion dollar companies, the most recent deals closed by the company have been significantly smaller and only lasting for a short period of time. This sudden metamorphose on the contracts and deals closed by IBM resulted in the fact that multi-bil lion dollar deals are initially not moneymaking on the part of the outsourcing companies.Hence, they would try to compensate for their losses by charging their clients for services which they would consider to be not included in the original contract signs. Oftentimes, the corporate clients would resist in paying for these added services and improvements in spite of them agreeing that these are necessary, severely hampering the IT functions needed by the corporate client (Overby, 2005a).Another shortcoming committed by JP Morgan Chase when deciding the outsourcing company they selected was to develop into consideration of the experience of Bank One with IBM when they outsourced their IT functions that caused them to pull out their IT functions and return the operations in-house a few years prior to the completion of the merger between the two banks. In their experience, Bank One viewed that outsourcing their IT functions to IBM caused a stagnation of their entire IT faculty.Once the venture between Bank One and IBM, the venture failed to meet the banks goal to provide a competitive advantage as far as technology was concerned because the technology used was not updated during the venture and new projects were not looked into. Bank One also noticed that there were a number of things that were some things that were not elegant as a result of the vagueness of the contract between the two companies. This provided a loophole for IBM to charge for services that were not previously done by the bank when the IT functions were still in-house.As a result, these additional services were not terminate unless Bank One would pay more. One example of this was the need to add or remove exploiter of a particular account, this would mean that the IT department would need to update all 1,500 servers being used by for the needs of the company manually. Although a Tivoli module was introduced that could allow the updating of the banks databases and servers faster and more ef ficiently, this was never enforced by IBM since Bank One refused to pay for the additional costs that IBM was charging them for this module (Overby, 2005a).As a result of the bankruptcy of the executives of JP Morgan Chase to look more closely into these factors, the company not only experienced the same challenges that Bank One faced when it outsourced its IT functions to IBM, but also experienced a decrease in the morale of their employees as well as their level of trust towards the company. Employees no longer believe in anything that the senior executives would rank or do (Overby, 2005a).Moreover, the executives failed to take into consideration the work and effort that would be needed in the backsourcing process. Jeff Kaplan, senior consultant with the Cutter Consortiums Sourcing and Vendor Relationship Advisory Services and the managing director of ThinkStrategies, stated that there were seven steps that every company who is considering to backsource IT functions that have b een outsourced to another company must take in order to ensure a smooth transition in bringing back the IT functions in-house.Among these steps, Kaplan mentioned that the company must first establish a schedule and plan for the backsourcing process which should include provisions in order to ensure that the outsourcing company would be able to support the client until much(prenominal) time that it is able to reassume complete control of its operations. The company must also be able to determine the staff rearrangement and responsibilities at the soonest possible time in order to minimize the decrease in the productivity and morale of the employees (Overby, 2005b).Unfortunately, this was not the case as clearly seen in the problems that JP Morgan Chase had to face during the backsourcing process. During the period when IBM handled the outsourced IT functions of JP Morgan Chase, employees were unable to pick out their jobs done because they did not feel that they were secure in thei r respective positions regardless on whether they were permanent employees of JP Morgan Chase or contractual.Because they were unsure on whether they would be relocated to IBM, retained in JP Morgan Chase or rigid off altogether, employees began to become hesitant in committing to new projects, resulting to JP Morgan Chases revenue to decline. More and more of the ongoing projects of JP Morgan had begun to also slow down in terms of its development and completion, causing an increase in the pent-up demands for IT services (Overby, 2005a). Things did not improve during when the backsourcing process was underway.JP Morgan Chase now had to reverse all the reorganization done in order to support its IT function. This caused disruptions in the normal operations of the company because both managers and staff members to re-establish the systems and operating procedures back into the company. On top of this, JP Morgan Chase had just completed a merger with Bank One. This resulted to a re- shuffling of the employees of the two companies based on the different staffing levels, current skills, budget and working assignments.In the end, more employees were laid off and more projects piled up (Overby, 2005b). Key Lessons from JP Morgan Chases Outsourcing Venture The decision to backsource or to substitution vendors is becoming increasingly common as firms vie for ways to continue to IT costs and improve IT service levels (Whitten & Leidner, 2006). The outsourcing venture and subsequent backsourcing of the IT functions of JP Morgan Chase provides companies who are looking into outsourcing their own IT functions to other companies whether within the United States or overseas.While it is true that in the long run, outsourcing IT functions are able to minimize the expenses that a company would otherwise father should the IT function remain in-house, companies should understand that these does not happen immediately. As such, executives of the company should first perform an operations audit and needs assessment in order to evaluate and weigh whether outsourcing their IT functions is indeed the most viable venture that the company should invest in. Indeed, deciding hastily on an outsourcing venture expected on newsflash improvements would lead to higher unit costs in the long run (Hummerston, 2007).Another lesson that could be gathered from the case of JP Morgan Chase is the amount of diligence that executives should put into with regard to the contract between the client and the outsourcing company in order to ensure that not only both parties would benefit from the venture, but would ensure that the client would be able to terminate the contract and regain control of the venture in the event that after minute evaluation, the outsourcing venture is not meeting up with the expectations of the client.While it can be assumed that JP Morgan Chase had ensured that there were such provisions allocated in the contract that they have signed with IBM regardi ng their outsourcing venture, the experiences and challenges JP Morgan Chase had to overcome during the short period of time that IBM handled its IT responsibilities.Aside from experiencing similar instances that had occurred with Bank One, many employees of JP Morgan Chase have stated that the situation between JP Morgan Chase and IBM was so dire that even the most trivial everyday activities were not accomplished because of contract obligations, which included the restocking of role supplies that are needed such as batteries for pagers, and reams of bond paper (Overby, 2005a Overby 2005b).Ironically, the best time to think slightly backsourcing a companys IT function is during the period when the company is just considering in outsourcing its IT functions. The reason for this is for the company to ensure that the expenses and the time to be allotted in both the outsourcing and backsourcing would not have an adverse force-out not just on the morale and level of trust the employe es of the company have, but also the boilers suit productivity and financial standing of the company (Overby, 2005b).

Relationship Between the EUs Protection of Human Rights and Other Essay

Relationship Between the EUs Protection of Human Rights and Other Domestic Regional and world(prenominal) means of Protecting Human - Essay ExampleAmong these three tender-hearted rights guard mechanisms, EU absorb of Fundamental Rights is the focus of this paper, and so this paper will critically discuss the relationship between this EU submits protection of Human Rights and opposite domestic, regional and international means of protecting mankind rights, particularly its relationship with national complete traditions, ECHR and United Nations (UN) Background of EUs protection of Human Rights European labor union (EU) views protection of military personnel rights, uploading of democracy and the rule of law as its core values. Although EU has not insert human rights in its founding treaties, it spelled out its stance on human rights protection through the credence of a Charter of Fundamental Rights in the year 2000. ... t human rights, as the well as countries which have co ncluded trade and other agreements with it.3 Thus, on the whole, EU charter of Fundamental rights is uploading human rights in EU countries, as well as doing its part in non-EU countries, in association with other regional and international entities. As mentioned above, EU charter is one of the three layers of human rights protection in EU member countries, so it have relationship with other layers of national constitution traditions and importantly with lad regional grouping of ECHR, with varying degree of cooperation as well as divergence. Relationship between the EUs protection of Human Rights and domestic entities means of protecting human rights For most part of their existence, EU and its ECJ did not judge to dominate or usurp the powers of the national governments in relation to human rights. This is because ECJ was not a human rights guardian per se, instead it was established by EU as the highest legal institution, designed to uphold the work on of economic integration a mong various member states.4 However, it all changed with EUs adoption of charter in 2000, and also due to certain actions by national legal bodies, which in a manner tried to undermine EU. The threat to the supremacy of EUs human rights laws over national laws arose when constitutional courts resisted Community action, insofar as they considered it as violating unplumbed rights protected in national constitutions.5 This rotter be seen in Stauder v. City of Ulm, Case 29/69, 1969 ECR 419, in which the decision of the ECJ appeared to be contrary to the rudimentary rights that were enshrined in the German constitutional law. To further assert its supremacy only, EU and ECJ decided to include fundamental human rights in

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

globalization - Essay ExampleFashion images projected in the films, magazines, television, and the Internet have created a global way of life that has spread across diverse cultures and geographic boundaries. T-shirts, blue jeans, baseball caps, and athletic costumes atomic number 18 traded everywhere from china to Manhattan, and to the African villages. Fashion systems in Asia, Africa, and the West borrow different kinds of textile elements and styles from one another. All these styles are housed under one roof in the large shopping malls in the rich countries. These products gain the forethought of customers belonging to all age-groups, ethnicities, genders, cultures, and professions like high-tech global bazaars. This trend of the homogenizing effect across countries and cultures as headspring as the increased variety of costumes and accessories within the geographic locations reflects a global paradox. Although the shopping malls in different countries across the world have similar stores and the products sold are same, yet every single specific has a huge variety. There is a seemingly baffling and infinite variety of cuts and fits in jeans some(prenominal) for men and women, ranging from the billowing haphazard style to the stretched tight jeans, and from tapered at the ankle jeans to the bell-bottom jeans. divers(prenominal) styles have been developed to suit the individualistic needs of men and women belonging to different age-groups, and having different senior high school and physiques. While a somewhat baggy, relaxed cut can supportify dignified middle-aged femininity, a baggy cut taken to excess can signify hyper-masculine ghetto street smarts. Each variation takes its turn as an ephemeral and arbitrary signifier of shifting identities based on age, gender, ethnicity, or subculture (Globalization). These days, the Fashion calendar week in different cities around the world including Oslo, Berlin, Lahore, and Kiev are the same. The Fashion week was first make in 1943 in the new(a) York City. In those days, it was not possible for the Americans to visit Paris to know the in style(p) trends in modal value. The objective of the organizers of the event was to attract the American designers. Fashion weeks are events in which both study and international designers get an opportunity to display their works which not only helps them gain the media attention notwithstanding also earns them millions of tourist dollars in revenue. Proliferation of the fashion weeks all everywhere the world is a potential sign of globalization of the fashion industry. These days, the most impressive fashion weeks are annually organized in London, Paris, New York, and Milan. The fashion industry grew by leaps and bounds as the fashion weeks were started to be organized in the Islamic countries. In the year 2006, the first fashion week was organized in Tehran. This fashion week have modestly dressed women. The models wore hijabs, abayas, gow ns, and other Islamic outfits in bright colors and prints. In the same year, fashion week was arranged in New Delhi which featured 60 designers. Out of the 160 buyers who were attracted by the event, over 70 were international. The event earned the organizers profit worth $50 million. Globalization of the fashion industry reached its climax with the use of the Internet. Internet not only spread awareness about the latest fashion trends, precisely also enabled the consumers to shop the latest