Theories of Attachments

Theories of adhesion 1) cupboard love theories psychodynamic/behaviourists 2) The ethological memory access 3) Bowlbys evolutionary possibility 4) Social learning possible action Studying make upments and their loss flush toilet help us understand how early affinity experiences can attain later(prenominal) development What is attachment? An intense emotional relationship that is proper(postnominal) to two people that endure over time.Prolonged separation brings stress and melancholy 1, cupboard love theory psychodynamic theory Sigmund Freud developed a theory of temper, to explain how each persons personality develops he proposed that attachment grew out of the feeding relationship Key The psychodynamic go about analyses the psyche (your mind) i. e. it breaks slew into constituent parts such as the id/ego/superego Psychoanalysts (like Freud) believe that exclusively babies ar born with an innate drive to seek enjoyment Freud called this the pleasure principle Freud s aid there is a particular structure of the personality that is motivated by this principle the id The id is the primitive part of our personality, which demands immediate happiness all people pass through psychosexual lay outs. First stage of psychosexual development is oral, thus babies demand oral satisfaction The experience is the first love object because she feeds the child and so an attachment is formed. Freud proverb this the first relationship as the foundation the foundation of all others.Infants attach to their c begivers (usually the mother) because of the caregivers ability to satisfy its instinctual needs. Quality of attachment and future relationships Healthy attachments are formed when the feeder practices to satisfy the babes needs, unhealthy attachments are formed when infants are deprived or over indulged. If the childs first relationship is loving, the child develops the ability to love, if not, adult relationships will be unsatisfactory Consequences If an in fant is deprived at an oral stage, she/he will become fixated at this stage.Consequently, psychoanalysts stress the value of feeding, especially breast feeding. *research evidence does not supports this theory because the person who provides food does not always become the particular attachment object, evidence against this theory is the same for the learning theory. learnedness theory Behaviourists believe that Infants attach to those who satisfy their psychological/physical needs Learning theorists/behaviourists believe all behaviour is acquired through teach 1)classical conditioning 2)operant conditioning Or through imitation 3)social learning theoryBehaviourism incorrupt operant 1) Classical conditioning sustenance (unconditioned stimulus) produces pleasure (unconditioned response) So becomes associated with the person doing the feeding, who then becomes (conditioned stimulus) who forthwith also produces pleasure even when no food. Babies associate caregivers with gratif ication, and learn to approach caregivers to have their needs met, they feel secure whe neer caregiver is present holdfast works both ways Mothers get Positively reinforced -by the thwart smiling and developingNegatively reinforced -by the cessation of crying 2) Operant conditioning Dollard and milling machine (1950) adopted this principle To incorporate the ideal of the mental states, a hungry(p) fry feels uncomfortable creating a drive to reduce to comfort, when a baby is fed the drive is reduced, providing a sense of pleasure ( a reward) Food becomes the primary reinforce because it reinforces behaviour to avoid discomfort so becomes the lowly reinforce (conditioned) Social learning theory Babies learn by imitation, imitate a direct reinforcement.Hay and vespo believe parents deliberately teach their children to love them, by modelling affection parents also teach children in an explicity way to point affection * We learn through association and reinforcement but food may not be the main reinforce Harry Harlow challenges behaviourists and psychoanalytical cupboard love theory -study of the rhesus monkey -study of Scottish infants The ethological approach -ethology is the study of animal behaviour, in its natural environment Ethos=habit, manner Ethnologists introduced the concept of attachment act uponSome animals such as sheep, geese for rapid attachments very soon afterward birth they attach to any moving individual present and come with them ,as if they were their mother. Lorenz (1935) called this imprinting *made geese follow him* form has -short termination consequences safety -long term consequences reproduction Definition of imprinting The tendency of non-humans to form a sound bond with the first moving object they see typical in precocial (new-born can move around) species like lambs, foals Imprinting doesnt give because the caregiver feeds the new-born, e. . goslings which contradicts the cupboard love theory Imprinting is a mulish action pattern (fad) i. e. a behaviour that exceeds in response to a species specific stimulus, once imprinting has extendred, it is irreversible Critical plosive speech sound Imprinting must occur within a critical period, if biological characteristics take int develop at a specific time, then they never will research shows that the critical period can be panoptic by changing environment Sensitive period Some ethnologists differentiate instead of a critical period, there is a sensitive period i. . a time when learning is most likely to happen, will occur most easily but learning can still occur at other times *imprinting in humans* Imprinting research mostly with animals Humans Klaus and kennels skin to skin hypothesis (1976) on that point is a sensitive period immediately after birth when stick can occur through skin-to skin contact, a year later these mothers and babies had stronger attachments But Goldberg (1983) found that the effects of early contact are lesser and s hort-lived