Engineering Essays Implications For Engineers

Engineering Essays Implications For EngineersThe balance of custom in cultured engineering has moved from the populace sphere to the insular welkin. Discuss the implications for engineers in particular and society in general.Introduction obliging Engineering is that line of products of engineering that is involved in the design and construction of roads, bridges, dams, build upings and other public make waters ( civil_engineering.bluerider.com). At some point in time, public facilities were the province of the authority. The authority could have been the kingdom or a g everyplacenment. That is why civil engineers have tradition wholey been employed principally by the public domain. Everything was moderate by the government. So everything must be provided and constructed by the like government.Civil EngineeringHowever, the field of engineering grew wider and wider over the years. The requirements of the public grew with the population and criterion of living. This put i ncreasing pressure on the government. At some point, it was angiotensin converting enzyme(a)rous for the government to keep pace with the growing needs and aspirations of the nation. To meet those needs, more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) buildings and facilities had to be constructed and faster. That was lone(prenominal) possible if an increasing number of civil engineers ar employed. Managing that growing number of engineers would travel taxing on a primeval government if it did not have a means of sharing that obligation with the industrial world. At the same time, as the standard of living increase and industrialisation took place, a growing number of facilities were required by mortal group of people such as factory owners. These factory owners were free to pay an individual or a private company to build its factory provided it could build it to his requirements and in time. That is how civil engineers and other related workers started world employed by the private- stretch out companies for private needs. Today, with an economy of this size, the government poop only trace the general strategy of development. It cannot go into the details of what should be strengthened for each individual. Construction sector therefore has become a mainly private trade where the buyers and the sellers are private. The government needs to employ incisively enough to regulate and control the standards.StatusThe repercussions of this drift from the public to the private sector are numerous for the engineer. The first and most important of all is the status and image of the engineer. Despite the fact that the job of the engineer has become increasingly nasty, the image and recognition of the engineer for the rest of the society has declined over the years. Teachers, doctors and lawyers are looked upon as noble professions because they are seen to serve the public quest instantly. Engineers are no longer seen that way because they serve a thickenin g base that is private. So the modern engineer does not benefit the same respect of the public as his ancient counterpart.Societys ViewFrom the societys point of view, the engineer is a less trust-worthy person today because he is not directly controlled by the government. He is perceived as somebody who is working for silver, and not somebody who is working in public service. Consequently, the pubic works are likely to be less reliable. The public eventually has to accept what is offered to him because he does not have a choice. There is no alternative on offer.SalaryThe engineer today has the guess of getting a high salary than in the lead. Because he is paid according to the service he dispenses, the more he works or the better quality of work he delivers, the more he is likely to be paid. That is compared to the fact that as a government worker, the engineer would have received the same pay whether he builds one building or ten. However, this also means that the salary leav e be set by the market. One of the complaints of engineers today is that their salary does not reflect the level of work they perform. At a company level, it is easier to frame a share of the profit to a salesman because he has contributed to a veritable amount of turnover. A manager can be associated with the amount of money his department or branch has made. But it is much more difficult to quantify the economic worth of an engineer because his output cannot be mensural directly in monetary terms. That is why that despite the fact that the counterchange from public to private sector gives the possibility for a better pay, that possibility is not materialised in reality for the majority of engineers today.PoliticsGovernments are run by politicians and politicians have to take account of the perception of the public before taking harsh decisions. That is why traditionally, employment in the public sector is more secure than that in private sector. The government itself cannot be seen to crap unemployment. So, one of the incidence of the shift form public to private sector for the engineer is that today, his job is less secure than before.SpecialisationWith the development of technology and the pursuit of knowledge, the field of civil engineering has become so ample now that a civil engineer cannot possibly know everything close to the field. This has led to specialisation of trade. Today, a civil engineer can be either a structural engineer or a driveway engineer or a geotechnical engineer or any one of the various facets of civil engineering.EfficiencyCivil engineers and civil engineering companies can be said to be more economical today than the geezerhood when civil works were done by public sector. Privatisation of construction work has led to faster construction work because now companies have to curb in a competitive market. Competition in construction has benefited broadly to the society because now, more facilities is constructed faster, a t cheaper costs, and the end product is more attractive. So, one of the repercussions on the society at large is that it has benefited from a more efficient civil engineering industry.ConclusionThe implications of the shift in the balance of employment in civil engineering from the public sector to the private sector to the engineer can be summarised in terms of change in salary structure, change in image, in type of job, job earnest among others. For the society, it is mainly a more efficient industry but with more doubtful reliability.References1. http//civil_engineering.bluerider.com/wordsearch/civil_engineeringBibliography. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, American Society of Civil Engineer, 1991. Tarsh, Jason, Graduate Shortages in Science and Engineering, Department of Employment, 1985

Cross Cultural Influences on Decision Making

Cross ethnic Influences on Decision Making ingressThis chapter introduces the reader to the broader context of the explore atomic number 18a with an over charm of conclusiveness build in cross pagan MA. The routine is compriseed by the hassle atomic number 18a and look for question which will lead the readers by the thesis.BackgroundDecision making is a do that managing directors face of diverging to explore the probable options and then converging on solutions. As Pratt points out, in that respect is clearly a preeminence mingled with what an individual ciphers( rough wholenessality)and the expression an individual means(cognitive style) (1980). The serve is made take aim off much than k nonty when the companies atomic number 18 dealing in closing making in an argonna of Merger and Acquisition. Mergers and erudi tenneresss (MAs) ready sire the dominant regularity of growth for firms seeking competitive advantage in an increasingly complex and glob al concern economy(Adler, 1997).Cross-border merger and acquisition has continued to increase at a torrid pace during the last decade and half, to the point that it has become a major strategic as well asl for growth of multi discipline cormporations(Cartwright and Cooper,1993). thereof it is essential for companies to pay attention to the digest, strategy and planning behind its finish making.The management extent becomes practically vast when it comes to different cultures both on the national and even greater on cross border level. The manager chances of in(predicate)ly dealing with the rapid changes reduces to an extent. Multinational corporations require to hold a varied set of routines if they argon to be renouned in a assorted world. Routines and repertotoires are often dep reverseent on the multinational corporations unique institutional and ethnic environment, and are thereof not imitated easily by former(a) firms (Barney,1986). As multinational companies increas ingly acquire targets in more(prenominal) ethnicly distant countries, they face bracing challenges in manageing their external environment (Moren,1980). on align these encounters it is in like manner important to at a sink placestand the relation between national cultural distance and cross-border MA writ of execution maculation devising strategic decisions.The difficulties in MAs are seen referable to the lack of strategic decisions makingmade by make-up. Managers end up having unrealistic expectations of probable synergies and fail to cope with multiple complexities. Companies this instant a days publish their cultural norms and values which might not be the real culture of the organization. Anthropoligists consent doubted that the undertaking of knowledge roughly a particular organisation culture does not always mystify by inquiring the members themselves to identify the particular trait. In reality the cultural norms are recognised by understanding the profun dity of cultural beguiles that are carried out in an interval within an organization. This necessitates to obtain an insightful pine term reflection and the buns of norms,disciplines and new problem solving strategies.The decision-making paradigms learn seen to occur in many fields, including management speculation, psychology, cultivation systems, management science, and operations seek. It is in any case a fundamental activity of all management, and inquiry and literature concerning decision-making movees.(Stewart, 2003)ProblemCompanies are equipped to make better decisions if they are more sensitive to cultural differences in a cross-cultural environment. Effective decision-making empennage enable smo opposite go place relationship within and across the border MA, if managers are attuned to cross-culture management. Contextually how do organizations make decisions in a cross-cultural aquisiton is a full of life look into question in the shoot of administrative butt. Researchers possess paid little attention to complexities of decision making, in cross-cultural MAs. preceding look for is more concentrated on routine practicable decisions that are more available to infirmitynary analysis and particular descriptions.(Mintzberg, 1999) Additionally otherwise important search questions, especially related to animadverting or intuition are prevailing in the dynamic search of decision making, such as how individuals get benefit from cultural diversity learning, and how do individuals think (Mitchell et al., 2002) and make different decisions. These emerging conceits defined our research questions of this thesis. Consequently, we have hypothesize our research problem in the following questions1. What are the cross-cultural difficulties change decision-making in the aquired firm?2. How does these cross-cultural difficulties curve the decision-making of acquired firm?PurposeThe purpose of this thesis is to analyse the influence of c ross-cultural implications of MAs on Decsion-Making.DelimitationsThe study is only concerned with the decision-making process in a cross-cultural acquisition and there is a less emphasis is on the cognitive factors of decision-making precisely the influence of cross-cultural implications on decision-making bearing in general. Due to condemnation constraint, matchless case company is roled for this analysis consequently the resultant roles limit to this partnership A only. Moreover, the companion A has hold to co-operate with an anonymous status of itself and its employees. This also set boundaries to the scope of our analysis and presentation. Further, this research has been conducted on a baseal anesthetic Swedish company acquired by an Austiran firm, so analysis and conclusions will be restricted to information obtained locally. As a result, the analysis of Austrian work behavior is also subjective from Swedish employees perspective.DefinitionsTo better understand the research, definitions are presented below to avoid misinterpretation of key concepts customd in our study.Decision-making cross-cultural Company A- It is a company based in Sweden. But has taked to participate in our research on complete namelessness of itself and its participants and therefore will be bear oned to as Company A throughout the news report. Its erst a Swedish organization which was acquired by an Austrian company in year 2000. (More information on Company A and its relevance to our study is mentioned in the Method)1.6 DispositionThe disposition of this thesis will be as followsThis chapter critiques the study and makes suggestions for future research.To fulfill the purpose of this thesis this section answers the research questions.This chapter covers analysis of the a posteriori findings in connection with theory and results.This chapter present result from the soft questions conducted in Company A.This chapter presents theories within the field of decision-m aking and cross-cultural acquisitions.This discusses the outgrowth of collecting data and interviews as our instrument. Reliability, validity and generalizability of the study are also discussed here.Frame of ReferenceThe section will present the previous research and studies in the areas of decision making and Mergers and Acquisitions integration. Further in filename extension to subsisting literature this section will discuss the decision making process in MAs. A brief summary of the whole frame of reference is presented at the end of the section in order to make a link with our research questions and to provide a base and guidance for the concept of themes for our observational data.Frame of ReferenceRecently, a considerable amount of management research has been developed that focuses on the cultural perspective of international acquisition performance. (Arikan,2004 Rottig and Reu,2005) Researchers argue that a lack of national cultural fit may lead to cultural clashes bet ween the involved workforces (Larsson and Risberg,1998). This may lower employee consignment and cooperation (Cartwright and Cooper,1996), and complicate the post-acquisition integration process (Very and Schweiger,2001) Some studies exposed a negatively charged impact of cultural distance on the performance of international acquisitions (Datta and Puia, 1995, Olie, 1994, Uhlenbruck, 2004), turn others identified a positive relationship (Doukas and Travlos, 1988, Morosini, Shane and Singh, 1998). Still other studies prove that cultural distance either has no direct effect on international acquisition performance (Markides and Ittner, 1994) or is one of the least operative variables affecting performance (Kanter and Corn, 1994). These contradicting views developed the interest in the knowing how much of the cultural differences involved in the decision making in MA.This wallpaper provides a descriptive framework that addresses the complexity of the decision making process of co nsequences of culture for international acquisition performance.Decsion-makingCross-cultural MAsMethodologyA way of gathering knowledge round the social world is the methodology notion refered to by Stauss and Corbin (1998). The specific research methodology we are inspired by for this research is the grounded theory which is consummated by soft methods of data solicitation and analysis.To study the implications that emerge out of a cross-cultural acquisition and its influence on decision making process, we want to take advantage of the supposed fundamentals and researches that have already been do in the realm of decision-making and cross-cultural acquisition implications. We also want to take that knowledge further through this chosen method by taking into account the case of Company A which was acquired by an Austian firm and has realized decision-making differences between the two units afterwards(prenominal) the cross border Acquisition .3.2 Research MethodDetermining th e wherefore and how of decision-making in a cross cultural contxt of an acquired frm sens be done by finding the first-hand perplexs of employees in Company A. To serve the purpose of our study we chose interviews as the primary source of data prayer. We felt that person-to-person fundamental interaction with semi structured questions will be best in acquiring information. Moreover, considering the characteristcs of our investigation and that all the employees could be reached within a close propinquity and in a single premise, the interview schedule was chosen sooner of a questionnaire. Since culture can be a sensitive topic and the interviewees could be reluctant in answering, we findd anonymity at the start of the interview process to make them comfortable as also verbalise by Kumar, Ranjit (1996). Through primary data we know the reasons behind a true management decision. most appropriate way of learning about opinions and behavior that are relative to culture is by as king questions directly to flock involved. (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2010) Information on the Austrian acquisition of a Swedish firm, as Ghauri and Gronhaug also states can only be gathered by asking mountain who have been involved or have conserved the process i.e. of acquisition.Research problems which are foc utilize on uncovering a persons experience or behavior and understand a phenomenon which we know little about are an example of qualitative research(Ghauri, 2004 Marshan-Piekkari and Welch, 2004). Such is the nature of our decision-making and cross-cultural research which includes social and behavioral sciences.The Choice of Research MethodThe approach is to use use a qualitative research methodolgy of investigation, data collection and analysis. Decision-making is not a fixed and static state to measure and its a cognitive process, besides it is not a steady state phenomenon and changes erratically with time and environment as described by Mintzberg(1997). Quantitative research emphasizes on the quantification of data collection and analysis as argued by Bryman and Bell (2007) and observe social world as an external and objective reality. Holloway (1997) advocated of qualitative research for capturing the way the individuals experience, interpret and make sense of their environment. Bearing this in musical theme and our focus of discovering and understanding the role of cross-cultural factors in decision-making, we were convinced to use this method.Consequently the choice of our research method, is qualitative and the purpose of the research inquiry is behavioral and therefore interconnected, therefore provides a stand for quantitative analysis.The qualitative studyOur approach is purely qualitative. Auerbach (2003) claims that qualitative research involves analyzing and interpreting texts and interviews among others, in order to investigate specific patterns, i.e. examining decision-making amidst cross-cultural challenges in an acquisition. questionsIn terviewing is the most astray utilized method in qualitative approach of investigation, as stated by Bryman and Bell (2007) and this instrument suits appropriately to find answers to our research questions, .i.e. decision-making under the implications of a cross-cultural acquisition.The technique and construction is very important in the formulation of interviews. The interviews can be unstructured, semi-structured or structured (Saunders et al. 2007). As we were more interested in theory of a particular reality Wengraf (2001) rather of the numerical data, we chose to settle on semi-structured interviews. We were very particular in formulating the questions as two cover both aspects of cross-cultural implications and decision-making. On request by the fit person at Company A, we got interview questions reviewed for improvement from our manager before presenting it to the company. The interview questions were then sent out to the contact person to be distributed to the interviewe es in advance.SamplingThe choice of subjects that were regarded to be investigated for our research questions was crucial. Collins, Onwuegbuzie and Jiao (2006) stated that researchers should decide sample size in both quantitative and qualitative studies. In the sample from Company A, we were looking for all the pile cooperating with Austrian counterpart and are making somewhat forms of decisions. It was kind of our contact person at the company, after explaining our research necessity, he arranged ten people from mangers to engineers who were in some way cooperating with their cross border counterpart. Considering this we use purposive sampling technique which as mentioned by Maxell(1997) is used in qualitative studies to select e.g., individuals or institutions based on specific purpose. data CollectionThe research design directed us on the empirical data. The empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews using open end questions. This permitted us to probe re levant issues which emerged during the interview. We aimed at making the data reliable, to ensure this we recorded the interviews upon permission and also took notes to reduce the chance of misinterpretation. In an get to motivate the respondents to co-operate with us and obtain factual data with their want we ensured the anonymity and confidentiality of chemical reactions. We skipped a few questions in two interviews due to shortage of time. We effected a total of ten interviews in a session of trey days with an allotted time of thirty minutes each.Reliability and credibilityA reliable and credible data is vital for an authentic research. end-to-end our study we took measures to ensure this. During the interviews we did not rely on perceptions which affects the accuracy of our observations and used constant probing to have clear answers. We remained unprejudiced and flexible to have reliable working data.Respondents sometimes perceive risks and may believe interviews to be j eopardizing their emotions and screen as accounted by McCracken (1988). Knowing this, we assured the interviewees about the privacy and academic purpose of interviews. So they were at comfort in providing information conveniently. To avoid potential bias of our preconceived notions and theories we transcribed only what the interviews said, which we stored in the form of recordings and written notes taken at the time of the interview. We calim to have a plausible study, considering all the measures we took responsibly in terms of organizing and conducting the interviews.Qualitative info psychoanalysisOur analysis was exploratory as asserted by Creswell et al. (2003) with a focus on understanding the influence of cross-cultural difficulties on decision-making by employees in an acquired firm.Like in most of the qualitative analysis we refer to the inductive approach, as claimed by Bryman and Burgess (1994). Raw data was in the form of interview recordings and our notes taken during the interviews. We read the data vigilantly too derive concepts, themes, or a model which is common in qualitative data analyses, especially grounded theory (Strauss Corbin, 1990). In consistency with Strauss and Corbins (1990), our inductive analysis began with an area of study, which was to investigate the influence of cross-cultural factors on decision-making, and let the theory to develop from data.The analysis was organized as followsInterview description To unhorse with, we recorded all the interviews and took notes during the interview. We read the transcripts many times to get beaten(prenominal) with descriptions.Identifying discourses and theme generation After identifying the accounts from the data, we recognized relevant discourses from the transcribed interviews, and excluded other irrelevant description. Following this we discover the core information and concluded some patterns of behavior/ theme. Later, formed categories with summary of data sets as behavioral, s tructural and interaction and chat to do a quality analysis and conclusion.Discussion In this section we explored the meanings explicitly or implicitly included in our empirical findings and looked for links of cross-cultural difficulties and decision-making. We also put prior suggestions of future research in this clause.Empirical DataThe IntervieweesTotal number of ten interviews that conducted, ee found that from expert engineers to line managers including logistics, project and bid manager everyone is cooperating with Austrian counterpart in one way or another after the acquisition. Consequently, employees at different levels of the organization are all involved in some kind of decision-making that accounts for the cross-cultural differences after the acquisition. Following are some themes that we identified that will be of assistance in developing the analysis.Employees organizational behaviouralSwedes in an organization generally work in groups and are independent individu als at the same time. They also have a license to express views, owing to a less heirarchical system. Mutual sum upment, consensus, structure and uniform reasoning is very important to them for which they have a lot of meetings and discsussions. This also refers ot the notion of collective decision-making as explained by Melaville, Blank, and Asayesh (1993). Swedes are solution- lie and are normally calm.The essence of usual Swedes vs. Austrian behavior was narrated by Interviewee 5 as There is a great difference in the decision-making process. In Sweden everyone should agree and we ask a lot of people of what everyone think. Then we make decision after hearing all the opinions. And its opposite in Austira, you do not ask the employees if you are working as a manager. I think you are seen as a weak leader if you ask people of what they think. Its positive and negative in both ways I think Swedish way is better for working in a aggroup and but in Austira you really make the decis ion and you come forward.Austrians on the other hand dont have much freedom of expression due to a heirarchical system in the acquired firm view. Another common view observed was that Managers in Austria alone make decisions and value of consensus is less there. Austrains are social and build relationships. A lot more emotion is involed than facts in their reasoning. Moreover, Austrians are problem-oriented and get usually stressed under a problem.This observation can be futher emphasized by few statements of the interviewees.They have a lot more emotions and we like to base our decisions on facts. , Interviewee 2 said.They have much hierarchy. More power distance. There is a very super distance between the manger and the individual member in the group. Interview 4 affirmed.Decision-making process structureThe decision-making process depends on the type of decision. If its a higher stake decision, the process is followed through formal procedures of contracts and agreements compare d to daily operational level decisions which are simple. In Swedish unit agreement has to be reached through consensus whereas in Austrian unit, managers give a decision which is to be followed. More decision-making authority lies with managers in Austria than Swedish ones who work more as asupport function.Interaction Communication between unitsCooperation at the technical or the lower level works well. At the management level cooperation is difficult where decision making takes longer. Some employees expressed that even with electronic facilities available confabulation across the border is difficult. Employees cooperating for a longer period developed relationships of trust which helps in cooperation amidst the cross-cultutral differencesIt doesnt work well when we cant sit together and discuss, makes harder to croak over cross borders even though facilities are provided like skype ,video conferences, but it kills the team spirit as its not the same as for academic session to gether Interviewee 5 recalled.On a practical point, the interaction between units is informal. But it depends on the type of decision aswell, i.e. starting a project, would follow a formal procedure of interaction. Project mangers have a immediate contact compared to the rest. Informal day to day technical decisions are handled on a daily basis. Its is also hard to predict a response to an interaction from across the border, some interviewees responded.Through data it was also tacit that is easier to agree on factual information, which all can straightforwardly agree to. Language barrier has seem to affect the agreeability due to misinterpretations sometime. The technical side of the decisions are easier to agree on, compared to the decisions made at management level i.e. commercial issues. This can be analysed from the figure1below. The tactical decisions have been observed to have most complications whereas operational decisions are easier.decisionmaking_intro.gifAdditionally, we comprehended from suggestions put forward by the respondents that, early in the process of post-acquisition integration, communication on the differences in national and company culture can facilitate decision-making. Understanding of adapting to a culture is important. Performace indicators and clarity on who makes which decisions will also assist. Additionally, diversity courses and communication on how to work together has helped in the past and can also facilitate later on.An interesting point observed by an interviewee during a diversity course One occasion I learned from that cultural diversity course is that people is Austria are more problem oriented and here in Sweden we are soultuion oriented and that affects how we are able to broadcast and cooperate.AnalysisAnalysisUnfortunately a lot of merger and acquisitions fail to achieve their hoped objectives. Solutions are of course complex. MA are different on a number of dimensions. Companies fail to realize a blind spot, b y keeping their focus mainly on costs, they minimize or stoop until too late the human and cultural dimensions of blending two entities into co-ordinated growth-oriented business. In any case organization is generally a collection of people sharing a common vision, one or more location and resources such as money, equipment, and similar processes. Still much of the business management persists in believing that the latter is the most important issue, while people are only sort of the less important side of the scenario.The Challenge of Urgent RealizationClearly there is an urgent need to realize, rationalize, restructure and eliminated duplication the first weeks and months of post-merger integration. Nonetheless rationalization only escalates of the new organization making it a greater value to its shareholders. It is one thing to design a new structure and relationship on paper and quite another to bring them to life. No matter how visionary and operate the leaders are the fina ncier, quickly learns that the synergy cannot be generated merely from in a higher place or realize and reacting by reducing headcount or vice versa. Synergy requires the commitment and involvement of the entire organizations. That is the most challenging part.Most mergers are seen of confusion, panic, uncertainty, distraction, limitation and dehumanization. The process is painful and the results are costly. When knowledge detonator is vanished due to the turnover of key individuals during an MA, when pridefulness in the company and pride in ones work is not appreciated through ill discussion at the hands of merger managers, when innovations are abandoned in opt of outdated practices just because one group is considered the boss and the new one reasoned expendable, the network that make the organization work break elaborate and fall apart. When employees stop caring, they lose interest and motivation in change the business processes. If they are not asked for their opinions, they have no means or enthusiasm to inform the new system designers the unrevealed secrets of success. When selection processes do not seem to be reasonable and rational, dynamic management does not step into position they take on new challenges elsewhere. These are not the circumstances which synergistic growth is likely.Fortunately, the situation can be false around. The MA can become an opportunity for people to learn, grow and have a voice. Shared visioning activities and cross company MA project teams can provide opportunities to meet new people and gain new perspectives and skills.The problem with the acquired organization is that the managers must rearrange strategy, organizational structure, work on staffing of employees, make changes to systems and culture, all on top of the day to day business performances. They step the pressure to quickly perform and harmonize the decisions by reaching the performance in the changed worked environment. So they do this by restructuring to create economies of scale, streamlining operations, focusing on product and market synergies while eliminating noncore businesses. During the same time they might be looking for the next merger or acquisition opportunity. This does not permit them the time and effort to ensure a synergistic and sustainable basis of people and operations to support the growth.However for continued growth, building a foundation is the key to sustainable success because it defines how the work of creating the new organization will be continued. Regrettably most post MA instruction execution plans seems to assume that if the financial priorities are comprehensively addressed the human foundation will take care of itself. The synergy created by a successful MAConclusionsDiscussionReferencesAuerbach, Carl F. (2003). Qualitative Data An Introduction to Coding and Analysis New York, NY, USA New York University Press.Bryman A., and Bell E. (2007). profession Research Methods Oxford University Press.D enzin, Norman K., and Lincoln, Yvonna S.(2000). Handbook of Qualitative Research. Second Edition. intelligent Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.Holloway, I. (1997). Basic concepts for qualitative research. Oxford Blackwell Science.Kumar, Ranjit (1999). Research Methodolgy A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage publications.Regnr, P., (1999). Strategy origin and Change in Complexity Adaptive and Creative Learning kinetics in the Firm. Stockholm Gotab.Richards, Lyn and Morse, Janice, M. (2007). Users Guide to Qualitative Methods.(Second Edition). Sage publications.Saunders, Lewis and Thornhil, (2007). Research Methods for Business Students, UK, Prentice Hall.Smith, J.A., and Osborn M. (2008). Interpretive phenomenological analysis. In Smith J. A. (Eds.) Qualitative Psychology A Practical Guide to Research Methods (2nd Edition). Sage Publication.Strauss, A. L.,and Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of qualitative research techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. (2nd Eds.). SAGE Publikation.Thomas, Susan, J. (1999). Designing surveys that work Sage Publication.Wengraf, Tom, (2001). Qualitative research interviewing. Sage Publication.Yin, R. (1994). Case study research Design and methods (2nd ed.). CA Sage PublicationsReferencePratt, J. The effects of personality on a subjects information process A comment. The AccountingReview, 1980, 55, 501-506.Adler, N. J., Re-entry Managing Cross-cultural Transitions, Group and formation Studies, 6 (1981), 341-356.Cartwright, S. and C. L. Cooper, The Role of finis Compatibility in Successful Organizational Marriage, Acad. instruction Exec- utive, 7 (1993), 57-70.Barney, Jay B. 1986. Organizational cul- ture cannister it be a source of sustained competitive advantage?. honorary society of Management Review, 11(3) 656-65.Arikan, A.M. (2004) Cross-border mergers and acquisitions What have we learned? in Punnett, B. J. Shenkar, Oded, editors (eds.) Handbook for international Management Research, The Un iversity of Michigan Press Ann Arbor, MI.Rottig, D. Reus, T.H. (2005) The impact of culture on mergers and acquisitions 25 eld of research, Paper presented at annual meeting of the Southern Management Association, Charleston, SC.Larsson, R. Risberg, A. (1998) Cultural awareness and national versus corporate barriers to acculturation, in Gertsen, Martine Cardel, Soderberg, Anne-Marie Torp, Jens Erik, editors (eds.) Cultural Dimensions of International Mergers and Acquisitions Berlin.Cartwright, S. Cooper, C.L. (1996) Managing Mergers, Acquisitions and strategic Alliances Integrating People and Cultures, 2nd ed, Reed Elsevier Oxford.Very, P. Schweiger, D.M. (2001) The acquisition process as a learning process essay from a study of critical problems and solutions in domestic and cross-border deals, ledger of World Business, 36(1) 11-31.Datta, D.K. Puia, G. (1995) Cross-border acquisitions An examination of the influence of relatedness and cultural fit on shareholder value crea tion in U.S. acquiring firms, Management International Review, 35(4) 337-59.Olie, R. (1994) Shades of culture and institutions in international mergers, Organization Studies, 15(3) 381-405.Uhlenbruck, K. (2004) Developing acquired foreign subsidiaries the experience of MNEs in transition economies, Journal of International Business Studies, 35 109-23.Doukas, J. Travlos, N.G. (1988) The effect of corporate multinationalism on shareholders wealth Evidence from international acquisitions, Journal of Finance, 43(5) 1161-75.Morosini, P., Shane, S. Singh, H. (1998) National cultural distance and cross-border acquisition performance, Journal of International Business Studies, 29(1) 137-58.Markides, C.C. Ittner, C.D. (1994) Shareholder benefits from corporate international diversification Ev

Young Parenthood And Teen Fathers Social Work Essay

puppylike P arenthood And Teen Fathers Social oeuvre Essay overmuch of the look intoes available on boyish parenthood drop foc utilise on the experiences of juvenile mothers and mainly those separated from the boylike induces. Subsequently, efforts accommodate been made to ascertain the proportional involvement of fathers in various aspects of parenting and the distinctive contributions of fathers (knight et. Al, 2006). T present are significant gaps in the provision of portion for immature fathers (Cater et al 2006). Practitioners wishing to offer prolong for the two-year-old fathers face a number of barriers such as the difficultly in finding boyish fathers, the neglect of adequate wear for childly fathers when they are identified, complicated family issues, educational difficulties and the interdict attitudes of individual professionals.Despite the growing query on materialization fathers, thither body a dearth of look for that recognises the wide diversity of young fatherhood and the different needs young fathers whitethorn restrain (e.g. young fathers in care, young fathers in prison, non-resident fathers, young fathers from ethnic nonage groups). Young fathers are invisible as a group, yet they are more(prenominal) likely to require incarnate function and be affected by unemployment, poor housing, and a overlook of education (Speak et al., 1997). It is therefore non surprise that little is known about the expectations and experiences of young fathers in accessing fight back and the barriers they face.The register arose from the observation that there is limited nurture available in up-to-the-minute interrogation on the good deals and experiences of young fathers in Outer London Borough. Much of the inquiry that is available on young parents focuses on the experiences of young mothers. This take a incite sought to establish, from the perspective of young fathers and the organisations that worked with them their expectat ions and experiences in accessing frequent and the effectiveness of the musical accompaniment available. apparent movement questionsHow accessible and effective are the hold in available to young fathers in meeting their socio-economic needs in Outer London Borough?AimsThe organizes of my research areto identify which organisations are offering support to young fathers and how they worked with themto look for young fathers witness of support available to them and the obstacles they face in accessing itto establish, from the view point of young fathers and the organisations that worked with them the effectiveness of the support.Research methodologyThe soft effigy aims to say the social world from the viewpoint of respondents, through detailed descriptions of their cognitive and symbolic actions, and through the richness of meaning associated with observable behavior (Wildemuth, 1993).The research would be undertaken using the sustaining soft research techniquesDesk scopi ng.Structured interviews with young fathers and service bidrs. teddy information review of projects and initiatives that provide practical support to young fathers.Desk ScopingDesk Scoping focuse on investigating into the existing evidence. This included hard-hitting the following sourcesAn extensive search was made of exclusively relevant databases, libraries and journals for lit sources pertaining to the project issue. In addition a comprehensive review of mesh based literature and resources were made. Using the London South Bank University depository library online resources via http//library.lsbu.ac.uk, ASSIA (Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts), an electronic resource, was searched, 51 results were found using the landmark young parenthood (search was from 2001 to legitimate), 33 results were found using the term teenage father (search was from 2002 to current to reduce the search result to a amenable number) and 9 results were found using the terms young fathe r and support. ASSIA covers English language journals in applied social sciences and includes health, economics, social issues social policy, organisational demeanor and communication.Relevant governmental organisations websites were searched for knowledge gathering.As relevant taradiddles were identified through these avenues, the references within these reports were followed as a way of further identifying relevant research reports.InterviewsThe most normal forms of collecting qualitative data are participant observation and in-depth interviewing (Kenworth, Snowley Gilling 2004). Cohen Manion (1993) interviews are initiated by the reviewer for the specific purpose of obtaining research-relevant information and foc utilize by (her or) him on content specified by research objectives of systematic description, prediction or explanation.7 semi-structured interviews solelyow for be hireed with service delivery personnel from those organisations offering specialist support to young fathers (social services, connexions, parenting support, parentingUK, firstborn housing, health agency, and employment support). These interviews would be conducted by telephone to identify common/different support practices and to evaluate their perceived effectiveness.In addition to the interviews, topical anaesthetic service providers would take part in in orchis meetings. Some would be interviewed at the start of the translate and provide information on the topical anesthetic context. Others would provide ongoing dialogue during the time of the believe, particularly those from maternity services in the get wind topical anestheticities. A roundtable dissemination impression would be held towards the end of the account to question findings and their relevance for local practice and policy.A minimum of 10 semi-structured interviews would be held with young fathers (young fathers in care, young fathers in prison, non-resident fathers and young fathers from ethnic minority groups) who have either received or not received support. Due to the delicate nature of these interviews and the potential exposure of the participants, an appropriate qualified researcher, following the strictest honourable guidelines, forget sensitively conduct interview. Prior to any interviews, the researcher will update their Child security measures Training to ensure that s/he is fully aware of current relevant issues.The core themes to be explored through the structured interviews areidentifying the support needs of young fatherslocal services available to young fathers, both(prenominal) practical and emotionalpartnership working among agencies that provide young fathers with supportopportunities and challenges to providing practical support to young fathers.Interview will be conducted in the participants homes and supported by adult family member or friend. Parental/ protector consent will be confirmed prior to the interview and all interviews will be recorded digitally. Data will be held in accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998.Their names and other identifying information would be anonymised in the presentation of finding. The young good deal taking part would be assured in writing and verbally that the narratives they shared would be treated in confidence and that confidentiality would be breached only in the event of disclosure or child protection concerns being revealed regarding issues not already known to the relevant agencies.A semi-structured interview will be used by the same researcher to ensure consistency all interviews will be digitally recorded with consent and lasted between 20 and 60 minutes. Digital recording the interviews would enhance the reliability of the interview. Using semi-structured interviews in this study enables the interviewer to be guided by the participant who should be encouraged to twaddle freely, even though the interviewer may have certain points to cover.Participant will be recruited in the following wayYoung fathers who have used organisations offering specialist (social services, connexions, parenting support, parentingUK, first housing, health agency, and employment support) support will be contacted via a list to be provided by the agencies and invited to join the study only after securing the young persons agreement and parental/guardian consent. For others who have not used specialist services, would be recruited through their childrens mothers or via local contacts and word of mouth.Young fathers will be encouraged to participate in the study, through awarding a 10 ASDA voucher to all participants. Should decent participants be identified, selection through criteria including age, gender and ethnicity type will be made to ensure a broad representation of demographic groups.Case StudyTo explore in more depth the experiences of young fathers and to understand more fully the practice of those organisations offering activities to young fathers, three subject studi es were reviewed. These case studies are examples of projects or initiatives that provide practical support to young fathers. The aim of the review was to explore the wheel of approaches that have been developed to support the practical needs of young fathers, highlighting successes, challenges faced and lessons learned.The findings reported here centre mainly on the experiences of becoming and being a father from the viewpoints of the young men involved in the case studies. Additionally the report includes some young womens perspectives on the young men as fathers.Research designIt is anticipated that in order to complement existing longitudinal survey data, the current study will employ primarily qualitative methods to explore the young fathers expectations and experiences in accessing support and the effectiveness of the support they receive. The aim of a qualitative researcher is to explore pluralitys experiences, feelings and beliefs so that statements about how people interp ret and structure their lives can be made (Holloway Wheeler 1996).The informative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach would be used for this study and will provide an insight and understanding of young fathers expectations and experiences in accessing support and the effectiveness of the support. IPA was chosen over the Grounded Theory approach (Glaser Strauss 1967), as we do not destiny to develop a theory but to understand and explore how the participants understood their personal and social environment and what experiences and events meant for them.It is envisage that a retrospective, life-history approach, including a bunk of groups (e.g. young fathers in care, young fathers in prison, non-resident fathers, young fathers from ethnic minority groups and practitioners) will give insights into young fathers expectations and experiences in accessing support and the effectiveness of the support they receive. I expect the sample to reflect a sufficient range of potentially significant variables such as gender, age, ethnicity and social background.The ethical delegacy within the London South Bank University (LSBU) would consider the study for approval. each(prenominal) participants would be given information sheets explaining the procedure. Before giving signed consent, participants would be advised that they were free to leave at any time. Pilot studies would be done of the questions being asked to check the clarity of the language.Beck Hungler (2001) suggest that four ethical principles must be considered when participating in research (1) the amend not to be harmed, (2) the right to be fully informed on all aspects of the study, (3) the right to decide to take part or not (and the right to withdraw at any time) and (4) the right to privacy, anonymity and confidentiality.Qualitative research commences during the process of data collection. While the researcher processes the information patterns are thus looked for during the interview and then select a theme to follow. The data outline continues throughout the interviews and in like manner once data is collected. Two researchers will singly undertake the analysis and checked and re-checked with each other for emergent themes. smorgasbord within the sample would allow for the exploration of young fathers experiences across a range of circumstances relating to their age, locality, education and employment, living arrangements, relationships with their partner, support from family and friends, contact with formal services, etc.Social work and qualitative research share the unwashed goals of dealing with subjectivity, describing the complexity of lived experience, and appreciating realities where intuition is valued. Qualitative methodology is, therefore, in my view a suitable method to be employed in researching the expectations and experiences of young fathers in accessing support.Researchers would take necessary steps not to introduce diagonal by accidentally reportin g their interpretation of participants feelings. At the beginning of the study researchers would declare and record their feelings. The researchers would also ensure that the level of subjectivity remains at a relatively neutral level.Ethical issues are in-chief(postnominal) and would be considered at every step of the research process. This is not precisely about obtaining ethical approval for a study but also ensuring the rights of participants are not violated. When reporting the findings of the research, participants anonymity and confidentiality would not be breached.The post of the interviewer is to encourage participants to discuss their experiences of the phenomenon. It is possible that in the cause of the interview participants could unwittingly discuss personal information that they had not planned to reveal, or that may rekindle tragic or uncomfortable experiences related to this study. Researchers would continue to accomplish with participants to ascertain whether t hey wish to continue with the interview or not. Psychological support would be in place to manage any emotional distraint that may result from the interview. Everything would be done in the course of the study to protect the rights of vulnerable respondents.The researchers would not represent any exaggerated claims as to the significance of the research and implications for practice, and further research would be located in the studys findings. Moreover, the researcher would relate the findings of the study back to the original research purpose, and expand whether or not it has been adequately addressed (Thorne et al., 2005). The researchers would conclude by placing the findings in a context that indicates how this new information is of interest, and its implications for social work. These conclusions would reflect the studys findings and ideally would offer recommendations as to how they may be developed.The most common criteria used to evaluate qualitative research studies are credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability (Lincoln et al., 1985). It is therefore important that the readers are able to identify the criteria used and are able to clearly follow each step of the research process.To ensure the credibility of the study process, the study would address the issue of whether there is consistency between the participants views and the researchers representation of them. The participants would be consulted at every stage of the study and they would be allowed to read and discuss the study findings. The researcher would also describe and interpret his experience as a researcher.The study would provide evidence of a decision lead at each stage of the research process. Future researchers would clearly be able to follow the trail used by the researchers and potentially pose at the same or comparable conclusions. The researchers would demonstrate how conclusions and interpretations have been derived from the data. Its hoped that the find ings would be transferable to other context outside the study situation and people who were not involved in the research study would find the results meaningful. mavin of the shortcomings of a qualitative research based study of this nature is their lack of objectivity and generalisation of their findings. The study has been designed to seek answers to how persons or groups make sense of their experiences. In my view small qualitative studies can garner a more personal understanding of the phenomenon and the results can potentially make valuable knowledge to the community. Hamilton (1980) asserts that the value of a study is established by reference to the phenomena it seeks to comprehend and the understandings it aspires to develop. Stake (1980) suggests that using qualitative methodology in this type of study may be in conceptual capital of New Hampshire with the service users experience and thus be a natural floor for generalization.Liiicolii Y, Cuba E (1985) Nainrnlisik /nij iiir). Sage, Thousand Oaks, CAKoch T (2l)06 Establishing rigour in qualitative research the decision trail.J Adv Nurs 53(1) 91-100Tobin G, Begley C (2004) Methodological rigour within a qualitativeFramework J Adv Nurs 48(4) 388-96Thorne S, Darbyshire P (2005) Land mines in the field a modest proposal forimproving the craft of qualitative health research. Quality Health Research 15(8)1105-13Myers, M. (2000). Qualitative research and the generalizability question Standing firm with Proteus. The Qualitative Report, 4(3/4). http//www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR4-3/myers.html

The Cfd Analysis Of Winglets Engineering Essay

The Cfd Analysis Of Winglets Engineering EssayIn this interim report, I am going to talk astir(predicate) the field of my put up, aims of the project, tasks performed, project timeline, brand-newss and conclusions. The exculpateic of my project is CFD ANALYSIS OF bufferLETS. When I decided to choose this project I had no idea well-nigh the backstagelets. therefore, I waste read a lot of about university extensionlets. I needed to learn enough about them such as what they ar, where they atomic number 18 apply, how vaporizelets make, why they be used in many a(prenominal) fashioncrafts, how many types of extensionlets atomic number 18 there, which is the more or less(prenominal) used, winglets benefitsetc. These questions impart be answered later.On section 2 aims and deliverables, I talk about what I could do in my project to be a brilliant project and what I relieve oneself to do to achieve it.On section 3, I pull up stakes attempt to explain what the wingle ts be, for that I post several range of mountainss. contrary types of winglets and their internal structure will be studied on the plunk for and third point. On the next point, I talk about winglets dimensions and winglet control surface. For that, an image is translaten with a classic winglet bearing and three winglets open ar shown too. On point 3.5, winglets technology is explained. Finally, unify winglets ( ar the most democratic winglets, as you provoke check later) features and benefits atomic number 18 explained. This is the section 3, analysis of tasks.A Gantt chart will be shown to check project timeline and progress to date. My interim report finishes with discussion and conclusions.2. AIMS AND DELIVERABLESWith my project, I will demonstrate winglets argon tools that meliorate the aircrafts performance. For that, I will attempt to demonstrate winglets reduce the aero driving lure so raise consumption goes down. I will analyze a wing with and without winglet and the human beings of a crack near at the wing get it could be checked. My knowledgeand skills atomic number 18 non rattling deep in silver and stratagem so I need to improve them. Thus, this improvement will in like manner be an important objective. Three winglets airfoil will be analyzed in Gambit and Fluent and their results will be discussed with my supervisor. These winglets airfoil are shown on section 3.4.2.3. ANALYSIS OF TASKS3.1 WINGLET DEFINITIONWinglets are tumid extensions of wingtips that improve an aircrafts provide cogency and cruising range. Designed as small airfoils, winglets trim back the aerodynamic drag associated with vortices that develop at the wingtips as the airplane moves by dint of the air. By diminution wingtip drag, discharge consumption goes down and range is extended. Aircraft of all types and sizes are travel with winglets. From single-seat hang gliders and ultralights to global jumbo putting greens. Some aircraft are knowing and make with sleek upturned winglets that blend smoothly into the outer wing sections.The creation of winglets originated with a British aerodynamist in the late 1800s, but the idea remained on the drawing board until rekindled in the early 1970s by Dr. Richard Whitcomb when the cost of aviation terminate increased.Fig.3.1.1 maelstrom wingtip with and without winglet.Winglets reduce wingtip vortices, the twin tornados formed by the difference between the pressure on the focal ratio prove of an airplanes wing and that on the sw coiffure aside surface. High pressure on the lower surface creates a natural air meld that makes its instruction to the wingtip and curls almost it.Since the 1970s, when the price of aviation provoke began spiralling upward(a), airlines and aircraft manufactures have looked at many ways to improve the operational efficiency of their aircraft. Winglets have be beget one of the industrys most visible kindle saving technologies and their use continues to expand.Their main functions are improved wing efficiency translates to more payload, reduced fuel consumption (about 4% in many flights when the distance to crossing is more than 1800 Km.), and a longer cruising range that ordure allow an air carrier to expand routes and destinations.The figures, reproduced below, are showing cardinal images about winglets.Fig.3.1.2 The figure reproduced to a high place shows winglets.Fig.3.1.3 Winglets in cars.With winglets aerodynamic drag goes down, so these components are often used in car industry. Winglets are used in cars of high range or even in design 1.3.2 TYPES OF WINGLETSIn general any wingtips that not end the wing scarce crosswisely are considered as some kind of a winglet. level off though in strictly technical terms Wingtip Fences are not real extensions of the wing, and Raked Wingtips do not have a vertical part, they are still widely considered as winglet variants. We elicit distinguish three types of winglets wingtip fences, blended winglets and raked wingtips. The differents types of winglets are explained showingvariousimagesand commenting ontheaircraftinwhichthey areused.3.2.1 WINGTIP ringThey are a special variant of winglets that extend both upward and downward from the tip of the wing. Preferred by European plane-maker Airbus, it is featured on their full product range (except the A330/340 family and the future A350). The Airbus A300 was actually the first jet airliner to feature this kind of solution by default, but it was a very small version of the tool. Provided that most of the Airbus planes (including all A320 family jets) feature such wingtip fences, this whitethorn be the most seen and most produced winglet type. Even the new Airbus A380 double-decker features wingtip fences.Fig.3.2.1.1 Airbus Winglets as seen from the outsider.Fig.3.2.2.2 Airbus Winglets as seen from onboard.3.2.2 BLENDED WINGLETSThey are knowing as the real Winglets. They are the most popular winglet type, leve raged by Airbus, Boeing, Embraer and Bombardier but withal by Russian Tupolev and Iljushin. Blended winglets were first pull ind on the McDonnel Douglas MD-11 aircraft in 1990 with launch customer Finnair (it also features a smaller winglet at the bottom side of the wing). In melodic line to Airbus who applies the wingtip fences by default on most of their aircraft (and the winglets on the A330/340 family),blended winglets are considered by Boeing for example as an optional extra feature on their products, except for the Boeing 747-400. For some of the older Boeing jets (737 and 757) such blended winglets have been offered as an aftermarket retrofit, these are the newer, tall designs and do not connect to the tip of the wing with a sharp angle, but with a curve instead. These winglets are popular among airlines that fly these aircraft on medium/long haul routes as most of the real fuel savings materialize while cruising. Longer flights believe longer cruising, thus larger fuel s avings. And they also server as marketing surface for airline logos or web addresses usually.141 transmit sets have been pre-soldalready as the forecasted fuel avingsrangearound4%-6% for medium/long-range flights.Airbus earlier tested similar blended winglets designed by Winglet Technology for theA320series, but determined that their benefits did not warrant that development and they stayed with the wingtip fences instead. atmosphere Partners Boeingclaims that winglets on 737s and 757s have saved a collective 1.2 billion gal. of fuel since they were introduced and 11.5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide while reducing those types randomness footprint by 6.5%.It has sold winglets to 140 airlines and 95% of all 737NGs are fitted with them.Fig.3.2.2.1 Blended Winglets on Several Aircraft Types.3.2.3 RAKED WINGTIPSThey are the most recent winglet variants (they are probably better classified as special wings),where the tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the wing. They are widely referred to as winglets, but they are better described as incorporate wingtip extensions as they are (horizontal) additions to the existing wing, rather than the foregoingly described (near) vertical solutions. The stated purpose of this additional feature is to improvefuel economy, wage increase performance and to shorten take off field length. It does this in lots the aforesaid(prenominal) wayas traditional winglets do. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been shown to reduce drag by as much as 5.5%, as opposed to improvements of 3.5% to 4.5% from conventional winglets. Airliners to use raked wingtips Boeing 747-8, Boeing 767-400ER, Boeing 777 (-200LR -300ER and freighter versions) plus the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner and the Airbus A350.The 747-8, the 787 and the A350 will have special, new kind of wings, which do not have a separate winglet, but have raked,andblended wingtips integrated without a sharp angle between the wing and the winglet .Fig.3.2.3.1 Raked Wingtips on the new Boeing 787 and Airbus A350.3.2.4 WING VORTEX ELIMINATORThis is a special type of winglet. A type exists of winglet that is capable of neutralizing the vortex, this winglet is named Wing Vortex Eliminator, and consists of a pipe that tidy sumalizes the air mass that happens for the top of the wing, redirecting and avoiding that the air masses of the lower surface and upper surface come together of turbulent form.Fig.3.2.4.1 Wing vortex Eliminator.The adjacent figure shows a summary with the types of winglets and differentaircrafts where they are used.Fig.3.2.1 Types of winglets.3.3 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A WINGLETFig.3.3.1 Winglet structure.The winglets are aerodynamic surfaces, with an inner structure usually two beams (they are horizontal beams that c all over the wings from the insert to the end), a pair of ribs (beams perpendicular to the previous ones to stiffen the structure), and two cloths or outer flat plates that bear the way out. De pending on the type of aircraft or manufacturer, these structures are half-metallic element or half metal composite material. Are embedded in the wing tip, integrating in their structure, so that only removed if a problem is detected or corrosion.3.4 WINGLETS DIMENSIONS AND WINGLET control surface3.4.1 DIMENSIONSWhen I have to built winglets for CFD analysis these dimensions will not be enough. I do not include more images because they are very big. I will need to check websites where I can see general dimensions of an aircraft such as Boeings or Airbus websites.Fig.3.4.1.1 Classic winglet design.3.4.2 WINGLET AIRFOILThe winglet airfoil must be design with the following criteria in perspicacity* To minimize drag at low CL conditions.* To design the winglet airfoil to be tolerant of low Re.* To maximize tolerance to negative alpha.The images, reproduced below, show several winglets airfoil.Fig.3.4.2.1 winglet airfoil PSU-90-125WL.Fig.3.4.2.2 winglet airfoil E197.Fig.3.4.2.3 winglet airfoil MH 201.These winglets airfoil will be used in CFD analysis.3.5 WINGLETS TECHNOLOGYTotal pressure of an incompressible gas is the sum of static and dynamic pressure. The laws of kinetic energy govern dynamic pressure. The difference in air pressure between the lower and upper surfaces of a wing causes the air to escape around the wingtip, which reduces the available transmit or the aerodynamic drag increases. The motion of the air rushing around the wingtip causes a vortex to form near the wingtip. The tip vortices cause upwash and downwash air currents that alter the direction of the free stream flow around the wing.Fig.3.5.1 Vortex at the wingtip.Whenanair massis crossedbyawingthatairmassisseparatedintotwostreams a streampassesthroughthe bottomof thewing andtheotherstreampasses throughthe topof thewing. some(prenominal)meet atthetrailing edge.However, inthe wing tipthe same phenomenon,butunliketheprevioustwoair flowsconverge forrader reachingthetrailing edgecreatinga tur bulenceso-calledvortex.A vortex is created near the wingtip. Thus, it is necessary put a barrier at the wingtip. This is the concept of winglets. Winglet attracted to him the vortex and it is deflected far over the wing. Therefore, the aerodynamic drag is reduced.The winglet has a tip, just like a wing, so it also produces a tip vortex, albeit a much weaker one. The winglets tip vortex is located far above the airflow over the wing, thus it has a little influence on the airflow over the main wing. They look like vortex diffusers.The induction of well-designed winglets can improve the performance of an aircraft, however, the following aspects are critical1) The design must be strongly customized to each new configuration2) Winglets introduce additional angle3) They increase the wing root bending hour4) Efficiency is proportional to the lift coefficient5) They can alter the aerodynamics in critical regions (ailerons)6) Winglets are expensive.3.6 FEATURES AND BENEFITS3.6.1 REDUCED E NGINE MAINTENANCE COSTS amend climb performance also allows lower thrust settings, thus extending railway locomotive life and reducing maintenance costs.REDUCING THRUST WILL dumb EGT deterioration, which prolongs on-wing life between engine shop visits.Reduce fuel flow deterioration, which results in lower fuel burn.Lower maintenance costs by increasing time between shop visits (longer on-wing life).Takeoff thrust typically reduced by 3%.Cruise thrust typically reduced by 4%.Graphic 3.6.1.13.6.2 LOWER BLOCK FUELWinglets lower drag and improve aerodynamic efficiency, thus reducing fuel burn. Depending on the missions you fly, blended winglets can improve cruise fuel mileage up to 6 percent, especially important during a time of rising fuel prices. They are saving a minimum of 4% on fuel and up to 6% on our longer flights.FUEL SAVINGS FOR converted FLEETAs of mid-October 2006, Aviation Partners and Aviation Partners Boeing have equipped over1,400 aircraft with Blended Winglets. They c onservatively estimate that these aircraft are saving146,550,000 gallons per stratum.401,507 gallons per day.16,729 gallons per hour.279 gallons per minute.4.6 gallons per second.POTENTIAL one-year FUEL SAVINGS PER AIRPLANE737-700Up to 110,000 gallons737-800Up to 130,000 gallons737-900Up to 150,000 gallons737-300Up to 100,000 gallons757-200Up to 300,000 gallons767-300ER (PD Study)Up to 500,000 gallonsTable 3.6.2.1 this table shows fuel saved in Boeings airplane.3.6.3 HIGHER INITIAL OPTIMAL CRUISE ALTITUDESWinglet equipped airplanes can achieve higher operational altitudes than the baseline non-winglet equipped airplane. This results in the followingWinglet equipped airplanes can achieve higher sign altitudes eliminating the requirement for initial level-off altitudes.Winglet equipped airplanes can achieve approximately 1,200 ft higher optimum altitudes than non-winglet equipped airplanes.Graphic 3.6.3.13.6.4 PERMANENT FUEL PRICE HEDGEWith doubtfulness in fuel supplies and the c ontinuing increase in demand, the potential for higher fuel prices cannot be ignored.Consider the average customer for the following reasonable Yearly Fuel Savings(gallons per year)Additional Savingsfor a $0.10 enlargein Price per Gallon737-700Up to 110,000 gallonsUp to $11,000 per year737-800Up to 130,000 gallonsUp to $13,000 per year737-900Up to 150,000 gallonsUp to $15,000 per year737-300Up to 100,000 gallonsUp to $10,000 per year757-200Up to 300,000 gallonsUp to $30,000 per year767-300ER(PD Study)Up to 500,000 gallonsUp to $50,000 per yearTable 3.6.4.13.6.5 INCREASED PAYLOAD / RANGE CAPACITYThe addition of Aviation Partners Blended Winglets has demonstrated drag reduction in the 5 to 7% range that measurably increases range and fuel efficiency. In addition, the Blended Winglets allow commercial aircraft to take off from higher, hotter airports with increased payload. This enables you to fly farther nonstops or to complete shorter missions with greater payloads and fuel reserves .3.6.6 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLYWinglets offer the hazard not only to improve an airplanes operation performance but also its environmental performance.Airport Noise Levels can be dramatically bear upon with the installation of WingletsNoise-affected area on takeoff reduced by 6.5 %.Take-off and go on certified noise levels are lowered.EmissionsLower fuel burn also equates to reduced emissions.Up to a 6% reduction in CO2 and as much as a 8% reduction in NOx is possible.3.6.7 IMPROVED TAKEOFF PERFORMANCEBy allowing a sheer climb, winglets pay off in better takeoff performance, especially from obstacle-limited, high, hot, weight-limited, and/or noise-restricted airports. Performance Improved climb gradients increase 737-800 allowable takeoff weight (TOW).SOME EXAMPLES INCLUDE Chicago-Midway 1,600 lb additional TOW. Lanzarote (Canary Islands) 3,500 lb additional TOW. Albuquerque, Denver, and brininess Lake City 4,400 lb additional TOW.4. PROJECT TIMELINEWith the Gantt chart, you ca n see the tasks make to date and the future tasks. I will try to follow it and I hope to finish my project on April.As you can see, on the first weeks of my project I have been finding out development about winglets. The first two weeks, I answered two questions what are the winglets? and what are their main function?. About tenth of November, I started to collect images of winglets and began to take winglets technology. The following week, winglet design was studied. From my presentation, I made these tasks airfoil winglets, types of winglets and features and benefits.From now, I have to do CFD analysis of winglets. I will start in 2-D with winglet airfoil and will finish in 3-D. Winglet airfoil will be import into a data file to a gambit where the mesh geometry and leap types will be created. Finally, a file .msh will be created in gambit and it will be exported to fluent where the winglet airfoil will be analyzed. The procedure is the same in 3-D, however the geometry of the aircraft will be set up in Solid Edge or Catia V5 and it will be exported to gambit.5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSAsyou havewitnessed inthisinterimreportthewingletsimprove theperformance ofan aircraftby reducingtheaerodynamicdragand therefore thefuelconsumption decreases. However,whendesigningwingletsweshouldtake intoaccountaspectssuch as they are expensive or they increase the wing root bending moment. There are alsopeople who thinkthewingletsareunnecessary and wear offupthe aestheticof the plane. There are several types of winglets and the blended winglet is the most popular winglet type. Features and benefits of blended winglet have been discussed (http//www.aviationpartnersboeing.com/index.html).Inthesefirstfew weeks ofwork I havetried toto collectenough information about wingletsand Ireportedabouthow they work, becausetheybreakthe vortexgenerated atthewingtipvortexand how itis generated. I amlooking forwardto start my analysis with fluent and gambit, but my limited knowledge in CFD, stopped me. I line up I am ready to start working with fluent and gambit since these programs have been explained in class successfully.

Right Ventricular and Left Ventricular Cardiogenic Shock

Right ventricular and Left Ventricular Cardiogenic ShockCardiogenic misfortune is a major and lots b omit-market complication of a variety of acute and chronic disorders whereby the purport muscle fails to effectively spirit business line forward and is unable to reserve adequate tissue perfusion. This ongoing clinical problem of cardiogenic transgress very much provides from cardiac ruin. Nurses and physicians need to work together to develop a speedy and well- electronic organized treatment approach to this devastating soma. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the to the highest degree common ca use up and aboriginal recognition of cardiogenic dismay is essential to delivery the uncomplaining and functional organ perfusion. To help discuss the differences in the midst of proper(ip) ventricular and left ventricular cardiogenic coke as a result of AMI, a case study format has been chosen. Priority nursing diagnoses, interventions and appearcomes go out also be addressed.Case StudyMrs. rudd, a 53-year-old woman, is walking her two golden retrievers in Central Park when she starts to develop a shrewish left arm torment radiating up her neck and discomfit to her fingers along with diaphoresis, flushing and shortness of breath. She loses grip of the leashes and the dogs, sensing something wrong, get the attention of a young couple sitting under a tree. They see her in distress and c wholly 911 to get an ambulance. Paramedics arrive on the scene inside minutes and transport her to the emergency department at Mt. Sinai Hospital.On arrival, Mrs. rudd continues to complain of the pain getting much intense and a impertinently onset of substernal pain. The paramedics none her to be pale and wet with cool and color in extremities. Her life- wielding signs in the ED ar vegetable marrow rate 56 beats/minute, channel cart 78/53, respiratory rate 24 breaths/min and expectant, pain level of 9/10 and temperature 96.9* F orally. The suck u p provides supple psychological type O at 100% via non-rebreather mask and administers 325mg of chewable aspirin, nevertheless holds the nitroglycerin because of her already low HR and BP. Then the cardiac reminder leads atomic number 18 placed, which shows sinus bradycardia18g IV access is obtained in both arms and alliance chemistry, CBC and cardiac enzymes are drawn and sent to the lab. A stat 12-lead electrocardiogram is run which indicates that Mrs. Rudd is having ST elevations in leads II, leash and aVF suggesting acute lacking(p) paries myocardial infarction. This explains the bradycardia due to upon to the accountability ventricle and promising an occluded right coronary thrombosis thrombosis artery. Tachycardia is seen in anterior and lateral wall MI where the circumflex and/or LAD coronary arteries are blocked. The nurse whitethorn also see ST depression instead of elevation in leads II, III and aVF with either of these infarcts. Her signs and symptoms upo n display to the hospital suggest that she is in the early coiffures of cardiogenic shock, a life-threatening complication of AMI associated with high mortality. Early and aggressive treatment is needed for her to survive this condition (Lenneman, 2011).Etiology and PathophysiologyWith cardiogenic shock, perfusion is affected and delivery of oxygen to the tissues is markedly decreased. Various conditions stand lead to cardiogenic shock besides AMI. It croup egest as a complication of open shopping centre surgery, myocarditis, valve failure, severe dysrhythmias or from any disease or injury that leads to mechanical failure of the bodys pump. With AMI, the myocardium is avid of oxygen and nutrients and dies (Lenneman, 2011). This leads to diminished contractility, cut exclusion fraction (the percentage of crinkle present in the ventricle at abrogate-diastole that is pumped out with from apiece one message beat) and disruption of hemodynamic measurements including persi stent hypotension, high counterchange mash sensations, such as PAWP, PAP, high CVP and SVR, and most importantly reduced stoke chroma and cardiac make. As a result of the reduced ventricular emptying, pressure rises deep down the ventricles, causing dilation of the ventricles, rasetually leading the one initially hurt to fail and if not corrected both ventricles. In cases of eye failure in both ventricles, the uncomplaining leave alone probably require graft and an LVAD to keep them alive while on the list awaiting a conferrer heart (Holcomb, 2002).Signs and symptomsClinical signs and symptoms that are associated with cardiogenic shock depend on the ventricle affected. In right heart failure the nurse may lionize jugular vein distension, peripheral hydrops and weak pulses, altered mental status, elevated ICP. Venous congestion and bradycardia are possible due to the heart slowing to allow adequate blood wages and filling out front pumping, which can be heard on aus cultation as a let on second heart beat. With left ventricular failure a morbid S3 or ventricular gallop can be auscultated, and pulmonic edema and congestion impart likely be present, evidenced by labored animate, dyspnea, course crackles and wheezing leading to ineffective gas exchange. To mitigate oxygenation, respiratory rate cast ups and the patient hyperventilates as manifested by hypocapnia and alkalosis (PaCO2 less than 35 or pH greater than 7.45) measured by arterial blood gases (Holcomb, 2002). Since the heart is unable to recover and maintain adequate perfusion to the kidneys, they also will fail and subsequent ABGs reveal a shift indicating a fall condition of both respiratory and metabolic acidosis.Sustained hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 90mmHg for longer than 30 minutes) and adequate left ventricular filling pressure with signs and symptoms of tissue hypoperfusion are less common definitions for cardiogenic shock. This hypoperfusion may be exhib ited by such signs as cool extremities, altered mental status, oliguria (urine output less than 30mL/hour or less than 0.5mL/kg/hour) or all three. Another helpful measurement utilized in assessing shock is draft a serum lactic acid level, a diagnostic creature for detecting occult tissue hypoperfusion. Even if a patient does not exhibit low blood pressure at onset, a lactic acid value above 4mmol/L can identify organ dysfunction at the cellular level before the patient becomes hypotensive. This can be assessed by the nurse observing skin becoming cool, pale, and clammy as blood is shunted away from the periphery and skeletal muscles back to the vital organs. As a consequence, wasting and lactic acid buildup occur. The effects of blood being shunted away from the gastrointestinal tract initially lead to decreased bowel sounds and eventually progress to absent bowel sounds or paralyzed ileus (Farwell, 2006).HemodynamicsIn the case of Mrs. Rudd, her initial presentation reveals signs of the early compensatory strain of shock. The physicians and nurses need to collaborate and respond promptly to limit permanent damage to her organs and ensure her pick. In the early stage of cardiogenic shock the freehearted nervous dodging is activated to respond to a failing heart. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is stimulated to cause vasoconstriction and sodium and weewee retention to maintain blood pressure (Porth, 2006).To appreciate the effectiveness of organ perfusion cardiac output require to be monitored and controlled. This is initially sustained with politic changement and volume expanders in right heart failure resulting from inferior AMI, to in essence replace oil in the engine to keep it running. In response to heart failure from a lateral or anterior AMI, the patient will exhibit increases in heart rate and/or stroke volume defined as the amount of blood pumped out with each ventricular contraction or the difference between the end-diastol ic and end-systolic volumes (Eliott, Aitken, Chaboyer, 2007). The physician a great deal prescribes vasopressors and inotropic medications such as milrinone or dobutamine to improve contractility and pumping efficiency of the damaged heart as well as reduce afterload.In cardiogenic shock, the value of cardiac output (normal range of 4-8L/min) and the more accurate measurement, cardiac index (2.5-4.0L/min), can significantly drop in response to heart failure and the pump not being able to adequately circulate blood through with(predicate) the body. In some cases the physician may order a diuretic such as furosemide to be administered to decrease preload by simplification pulmonary (LV) or systemic (RV) congestion and stasis of blood. Another measurement of end organ perfusion that clinicians rely on is mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) which has a normal range of 60 to 110mmHg. When the body is in a state of shock, at first the body attempts to compensate, however as the conditi on prolongs the values stepwise drop below 60 mm Hg along with a decreasing cardiac output (Holcomb, 2002). Together these hemodynamic values are utilize to determine if the patient has inadequate organ perfusion and to evaluate the adequacy of interventions by both the physicians and nurses.Subsequently, the body attempts to compensate by change magnitude heart rate, which decreases diastolic filling time. This faster rate increases the oxygen carry of already damaged heart muscle, which negatively impacts cardiac output even provided. Unable to keep pace with the increase in volume, hemodynamic values change state as the heart fails to perfuse the body. This eventually leads to MODS and unfortunately, as a result, demise in around 50% of all patients affected by cardiogenic shock (Babaev, Frederick, Pasta, 2005). Even in cases where the patient is recovered and stabilized, sometimes the damage may be too great for the patient to overcome and within long time or weeks they irreversibly deteriorate.TreatmentsThe best chance of recovery for Mrs. Rudd relies on rapid percutaneous or surgical revascularization. While awaiting revascularization there are nursing interventions and pharmacologic measures that can be started to optimize her cardiac output. As mentioned earlier, rapid infusion of fluids is the first line of defense to improve cardiac output and stroke volume in right AMI. Diuretics may be employ in left heart failure to decrease preload and improve the hearts pumping ability, however it is contraindicated with right AMI as in the case of Mrs. Rudd. Tachycardia is a common compensatory mechanism of cardiogenic shock to improve perfusion, yet beta-blockers, although they can set down rapid heart rates, are another class of drugs that should be avoided for Mrs. Rudd since they also spend a penny a hypotensive effect and could counter the affirmatory effects of fluid resuscitation and further perpetuate severe hypotension, having a bottoming out effect. Therefore beta-blockers should be used carefully and only in early stages of uncomplicated AMI without heart failure (Eliott, Aitken, Chaboyer, 2007).Providing inotropic support and improving systemic vascular justification are important in the management of cardiogenic shock. To increase contractility and wherefore cardiac output, inotropes, such as dobutamine, dopamine and milrinone, might be started and gradually increased to obtain adequate perfusion. However, because they can increase myocardial oxygen demand in an already ischemic heart, they must be used cautiously in patients, as they may lead to the incidence of fatal dysrhythmias. To treat life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmias (VT or VF), antiarrhythmic medications such as amiodarone or lidocaine are indicated. Additional considerations to treat dysrhythmias or heart block include defibrillators and transcutaneous pacing, or depending on the damage present, a permanent pacemaker (ECC Commitee, American total Association, 2005).Another complication of cardiogenic shock that increases oxygen demand is hypoxemia from pulmonary edema and backflow common in left AMI and often a secondary complication in right AMI. As the patient deteriorates and stops responding to compensatory mechanisms, mechanical ventilation may be warranted to provide adequate oxygenation. By instituting mechanical ventilation the work load of breathing is decreased as the machine takes over. Also anxiety and metabolic demands are decreased when the patient is sedated and intubated. Unfortunately, sedation may cause a further drop in blood pressure and needs to be nigh monitored. Maintenance of adequate MAP is also vital to prevent end-organ damage.To increase MAP, norepinephrine may be added to the medication regimen, but it may feature a negative effect on cardiac output. Through marrow of combination therapy in severe hypotension, catecholamines are mainly administered in cardiogenic shock along with monito ring urinary output and calculating cardiac output, to sustain functioning of the patients organs and optimistically to buy time before revascularization and the return of adequate pump function (Eliott, Aitken, Chaboyer, 2007).Unless contraindicated, it is protocol to treat any patient admitted with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes, including patients in cardiogenic shock, with aspirin and IV anticoagulation (heparin) to slow the progression of the infarct. Fibrinolytics are not recommended in patients requiring percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or surgery, however, improvement in hospital mortality with the use of the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitor abciximab (ReoPro) has recently been shown to reduce mortality from 40% to 50% down to 18% to 26% in cardiogenic shock treated with stent implantation (ECC Commitee, American Heart Association, 2005). Hospitals have adopted the PTCA guidelines set forth by The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Associa tion aiming to provide reperfusion of the infarct artery within 90 minutes after arrival to the hospital. These new guidelines also assist in decision making regarding PCI, a nonsurgical coronary revascularization procedure that relieves the constrictive or obstruction of the coronary artery or arteries to allow more blood and oxygen to be delivered to the heart muscle. This ensures patient safety and improves patient quality of care (ECC Commitee, American Heart Association, 2005).Another intervention that is used to prevent or manage cardiogenic shock is an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) which improves coronary artery perfusion and reduces afterload. This mechanical device consisting of a 34- to 40-mL balloon catheter, is placed during PCI and operates by using counterpulsation therapy. The IABP inflates during ventricular diastole (increasing coronary artery perfusion) and deflates during ventricular systole (decreasing afterload or the resistance against which the heart has t o pump). By increasing coronary artery perfusion with this device, the patients cardiac output, ejection fraction, and MAP are increased, ultimately improving end-organ perfusion. Heart rate and pulmonary artery pressures, especially pulmonary artery diastolic and wedge pressures are lowered, which essentially decrease the hearts oxygen consumption, blood volume and workload (Holcomb, 2002).Now an hour and fifteen minutes from onset, Mrs. Rudds status continues to worsen and the physicians, noting that they are still within the 90 minute timeframe, rush her directly to the cardiac catheterization laboratory and she undergoes PCI with drug-eluting stent placement in the right coronary artery. During the procedure the surgeon places an IABP to increase coronary artery perfusion and decrease workload of the heart. She is transferred to the surgical intensifier care unit for further management and monitoring with a pressure dressing to the femoral artery where the catheter was inserte d. After recovery of her strength and hemodynamic stabilization, she is transferred to a medical-surgical unit, then discharged four days later on a new medication regimen prescribed to avoid complications and recurrence of an AMI or lethal dysrhythmias.Nursing Diagnoses OutcomesPrioritizing nursing diagnoses and care depends on which side of the heart is affected. With LV failure, respiratory complications are a primary consideration, whereas with RV failure, presentation of systemic signs and symptoms occur early on. Eventually as the patients condition deteriorates their bodys payment mechanisms fail and cardiogenic shock worsens. Nursing interventions vary based on what stage of shock the person is in, their etiology and presentation, what procedures are planned or have been performed and when care is assumed.The nursing diagnoses for Mrs. Rudd consist of (in priority)Risk for decreased cardiac output cogitate to altered cardiac rate and rhythm reduced preload and increased s ystemic vascular resistance infarcted muscle. futile tissue perfusion related to reduction or interruption of blood flow.Risk for excess fluid volume related to decreased organ perfusion increased sodium and water retention sequestering of fluid in interstitial space and tissues.Acute pain related to ischemic myocardial tissue.Anxiety and fear related to change in health status.Activity intolerance related to imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand presence of ischemia cardiac depressant effects of certain drugs, such as beta blockers, antidysrhythmics.Ineffective protection related to the risk of bleeding secondary to thrombolytic therapy. deficient knowledge regarding cause and treatment of condition, self-care, and discharge needs related to lack of information, misunderstanding of medical condition or therapy needsSome evaluate outcomes for Mrs. Rudd includeMaintain an adequate cardiac output during and chase reperfusion therapy.Demonstrate no signs of internal o r external bleeding.Rate dresser pain as 2 or lower on a pain scale of 0 to 10.Verbalize reduced anxiety and fear.To recap, cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening complication of AMI. It is important to acknowledge that patient survival and recovery rely on early recognition of signs and symptoms of cardiogenic shock and rapid assessment and interventions by the nurse and treatment team.

kants moral theory :: essays research papers

Kants Moral Theory I consider Kants Moral theory is one complement to the Utilitarianism because one shortfall of Utilitarianism is it is sometimes impossible to foresee the consequences, and Kant brought up that the consequences of our accomplishments ar non eer in our control and things do not always turn proscribed as we wishing. However, he believed that we can control our motives, and the motive to do what is decently gives an act its moral worth. The second belief Kant holds is people ought not to be used, but ought to be regarded as having the highest built-in value. My spirit hither is Kant believe that the intrinsic value of an act determines what is morally estimable or morally wrong. The intrinsic value always accompanies the act, for example, if A is intrinsic to B, so it is no accident that B exhibits A. For actions to have moral worth, expert give and good act (in accordance with duty) argon required. Kant believed that the good impart is the redress mo tive. Good will is to will your maxim to be a world-wide law or familiarly valid and accepted. Having a salutary pattern is to do what is upright (or what one believes to be right) just because it is right. Kant believed that acts make from the motive of duty are the only ones with moral worth. For example, you usurp coin from a friend, and your options, or maxims, are to either return the money, or not to return the money. To return money is of good will, and if you choose this to be your maxim, you are in accordance with duty. Not to return money, if put into a universal law, nobody ever returned the money, and everybody broke their promises, there would be no promises, and the act is not in accordance with duty. So the act of not travel the money has no moral worth and is morally wrong. in that location are two different types of unequivocals, according to Kant, hypothetical imperative and unconditioned imperative. an imperative is simply a form of statement that tell s us to do something. so-called imperative is conditional and represents an action that is good and necessary as a means to further results. It can be expressed as if I want to , then I ought to . For example, if you dont want to loll sick, then you ought to wash your hands carefully.kants moral theory essays explore papers Kants Moral Theory I think Kants Moral theory is one complement to the Utilitarianism because one deficit of Utilitarianism is it is sometimes impossible to foresee the consequences, and Kant brought up that the consequences of our acts are not always in our control and things do not always turn out as we want. However, he believed that we can control our motives, and the motive to do what is right gives an act its moral worth. The second belief Kant holds is people ought not to be used, but ought to be regarded as having the highest intrinsic value. My understanding here is Kant believe that the intrinsic value of an act determines what is morally right or morally wrong. The intrinsic value always accompanies the act, for example, if A is intrinsic to B, then it is no accident that B exhibits A. For actions to have moral worth, good will and good act (in accordance with duty) are required. Kant believed that the good will is the right motive. Good will is to will your maxim to be a universal law or universally valid and accepted. Having a right intention is to do what is right (or what one believes to be right) just because it is right. Kant believed that acts done from the motive of duty are the only ones with moral worth. For example, you borrow money from a friend, and your options, or maxims, are to either return the money, or not to return the money. To return money is of good will, and if you choose this to be your maxim, you are in accordance with duty. Not to return money, if put into a universal law, nobody ever returned the money, and everybody broke their promises, there would be no promises, and the act is not in accordan ce with duty. So the act of not returning the money has no moral worth and is morally wrong. There are two different types of imperatives, according to Kant, hypothetical imperative and categorical imperative. an imperative is simply a form of statement that tells us to do something. Hypothetical imperative is conditional and represents an action that is good and necessary as a means to further results. It can be expressed as if I want to , then I ought to . For example, if you dont want to get sick, then you ought to wash your hands carefully.

Use of Patriarchy and Religion to Oppress Women Essay -- Islamic Women

Evil, sinful, lover of Satan ar just a few adjectives utilise to describe women throughout history. Nevertheless, women were not always portrayed as so. Women at once held a strong and dominated figure within the nine. In the antediluvian Egyptian society, women were equal to men in status and prestige. Within the XVIIIth Dynasty, women much(prenominal) as Nephertiti and Hatchipsoot reign the country In that period, Pharaonic women labored in textile and carpet manufactory, traded in markets and shared in hunting side by side with her husband (El Saadawi. 1980, p, 108-1). Furthermore, women played sports, drank, held positions of government, worked, etc. However, as while past and countries began to flourish, there was a shift in the socio-economic status in women. Women began reducing in standing. What Happened? Nawal El Saadawi, author of The Hidden Face of eventide, potently call backs that circumcision is the cause of womens oppression and feelin g of powerlessness. However, m either within the society believe that conditioned oppression is supported due to religion, landowership and the time-honored dodge and they are utilized as in instrument of fear, oppression and exploitation.Circumcision is still expert in many Arab countries because a womans virginity and hymen is extremely important. Behind circumcision lies the doctrine that, by removing parts of girls external genital organs, sexual desire is lessen (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 33). This procedure is not performed by a doctor but soulfulness similar to a midwife. It is believe that deep incisions must(prenominal) be through in order to remove all the remains of the genital. Consequently, this may payoff in infection and even death. Furthermore, sexual frigidity is one ... ... patriarchal and class societies prevalent at the time. Nawal El Saadawi focuses on the patriarchal system as a major condition for the oppression of women. The shift surrounded by man and woman began when men realized the importance of land owership. gay recognized the association between land and having wealth and power. Landownership places them in a higher social, economic and political arena. In acquiring land, man must have someone to cultivate it since it demean their status within the society to do. The oppression of a slave and women became apparent. Wives were a source of wealth since they elevate many heavy tasks in both field and home without expecting any payment in return apart from their keep. Their lot was that of unpaid laborers no better off than slaves (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 111).Work CitedNawal El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve